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Figure 1.2.9A Opportunity Analysis Steps
RESOURCES: The Opportunity Assessment depends upon a detailed understanding of operational
processes so that barriers can be identified. An effective Opportunity Assessment will necessarily involve
operations experts.
Step 1. Review key operations to identify opportunities for enhancement. Prioritize.
Step 2. In areas where opportunities exist, analyze for risk barriers.
Step 3. When barriers are found, apply the ORM process.
Step 4. When available ORM processes can’t breakthrough, innovate!
Step 5. When a barrier is breached, push through until a new barrier is reached.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-32
1.3 THE ADVANCED HAZARD IDENTIFICATION TOOLS
The five tools that follow are advanced hazard identification tools designed to support strategic hazard
analysis of higher risk and critical operations. These advanced tools are often essential when in-depth
hazard identification is needed. They provide the mechanism needed to push the limits of current hazard
identification technology. For example, the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) represents the
full-time efforts of dozens of experts over decades to fully develop an understanding of all of the sources
of hazards.
As might be expected, these tools are complex and require significant training to use. Full proficiency
also requires experience in using them. They are best reserved for use by, loss control professionals.
Those with an engineering, scientific, or other technical background are certainly capable of using these
tools with a little read-in. Even though professionals use the tools, much of the data that must be fed into
the procedures must come from operators.
In an organization with a mature ORM culture, all personnel in the organization will be aware that higher
risk justifies more extensive hazard identification. They will feel comfortable calling for help from loss
control professionals, knowing that these individuals have the advanced tools needed to cope with the
most serious situations. These advanced tools will play a key role in the mature ORM culture in helping
the organization reach its hazard identification goal: No significant hazard undetected.
1.3.1 THE ENERGY TRACE AND BARRIER ANALYSIS
FORMAL NAME: The Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Abnormal energy exchange
PURPOSE: The Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis (ETBA) is a procedure intended to detect hazards
by focusing in detail on the presence of energy in a system and the barriers for controlling that energy. It
is conceptually similar to the Interface Analysis in its focus on energy forms, but is considerably more
thorough and systematic.
APPLICATION: The ETBA is intended for use by loss system safety professionals and is targeted
against higher risk operations, especially those involving large amounts of energy or a wide variety of
energy types. The method is used extensively in the acquisition of new systems and other complex
systems.
METHOD: The ETBA involves 5 basic steps as shown at Figure 1.3.1A.
Step 1 is the identification of the types of energy found in the system. It often requires considerable
expertise to detect the presence of the types of energy listed at Figure 1.3.1B.
Step 2 is the trace step. Once identified as present, the point of origin of a particular type of energy must
be determined and then the flow of that energy through the system must be traced.
In Step 3 the barriers to the unwanted release of that energy must be analyzed. For example, electrical
energy is usually moved in wires with an insulated covering.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-33
In Step 4 the risk of barrier failure and the unwanted release of the energy are assessed. Finally, in Step 5,
risk control options are considered and selected.
Figure 1.3.1A ETBA Steps
Figure 1.3.1B Types of Energy
RESOURCES: This tool requires sophisticated understanding of the technical characteristics of systems
and of the various energy types and barriers. Availability of a safety professional, especially a safety
engineer or other professional engineer is important.
COMMENTS: Most accidents involve the unwanted release of one kind of energy or another. This fact
makes the ETBA a powerful hazard identification tool. When the risk stakes are high and the system is
complex, the ETBA is a must have.
EXAMPLES: A simplified example of the ETBA procedure is provided at Figure 1.3.
Step 1. Identify the types of energy present in the system
Step 2. Locate energy origin and trace the flow
Step 3. Identify and evaluate barriers (mechanisms to confine the energy)
Step 4. Determine the risk (the potential for hazardous energy to escape control and damage
　
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