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glide or fastest average crosscountry
speed depending on the
objectives during a flight.
SPIN—An aggravated stall that
results in the glider descending in
a helical, or corkscrew, path.
SPOILERS—Devices on the tops
of wings to disturb (spoil) part of
the airflow over the wing. The
resulting decrease in lift creates a
higher sink rate and allows for a
steeper approach.
SQUALL LINE—A line of thunderstorms
often located along or
ahead of a vigorous cold front.
Squall lines may contain severe
thunderstorms. The term is also
used to describe a line of heavy
precipitation with an abrupt wind
shift but no thunderstorms, as
sometimes occurs in association
with fronts.
STABILATOR—A one-piece horizontal
stabilizer used in lieu of an
elevator.
forming a T.
THERMAL—A buoyant plume or
bubble of rising air.
THERMAL INDEX (TI)—For any
given level is the temperature of
the air parcel having risen at the
dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR)
subtracted from the ambient temperature.
Experience has shown
that a TI should be -2 for thermals
to form and be sufficiently strong
for soaring flight.
THERMAL WAVE—Waves, often
but not always marked by cloud
streets, that are excited by convection
disturbing an overlying stable
layer. Also called convection
waves.
THERMODYNAMIC
DIAGRAM—A chart presenting
isopleths of pressure, temperature,
water vapor content, as well
as dry and saturated adiabats.
Various forms exist, the most commonly
used in the United States
being the Skew-T/Log-P.
THRUST—The forward force that
propels a powered glider through
the air.
TOTAL DRAG—The sum of parasite
and induced drag.
TOWHOOK—A mechanism allowing
the attachment and release
of a towrope on the glider or towplane.
On gliders, it is located
near the nose or directly ahead of
the main wheel. Two types of
towhooks commonly used in gliders
are manufactured by Tost and
Schweizer.
TRIM DEVICES—Any device
designed to reduce or eliminate
pressure on the control stick.
When properly trimmed, the glider
should fly at the desired airspeed
with no control pressure from the
pilot (i.e., “hands off”). Trim mechanisms
are either external tabs on
STABILITY—The glider’s ability
to maintain a uniform flight condition
and return to that condition
after being disturbed.
STALL—Condition that occurs
when the critical angle of attack is
reached and exceeded. Airflow
begins to separate from the top of
the wing, leading to a loss of lift. A
stall can occur at any pitch attitude
or airspeed.
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE—
A theoretical vertical distribution of
pressure, temperature and density
agreed upon by international convention.
It is the standard used,
for instance, for aircraft performance
calculations. At sea level,
the standard atmosphere consists
of a barometric pressure of 29.92
inches of mercury (in. Hg.) or
1013.2 millibars, and a temperature
of 15°C (59°F). Pressure and
temperature normally decrease as
altitude increases. The standard
lapse rate in the lower atmosphere
for each 1,000 feet of altitude
is approximately 1 in. Hg. and
2°C (3.5°F). For example, the
standard pressure and temperature
at 3,000 feet mean sea level
(MSL) is 26.92 in. Hg. (29.92 - 3)
and 9°C (15°C - 6°C).
STATIC STABILITY—The initial
tendency to return to a state of
equilibrium when disturbed from
that state.
SUPERCELL
THUNDERSTORM—A large,
powerful type of thunderstorm that
forms in very unstable environments
with vertical and horizontal
wind shear. These are almost
always associated with severe
weather, strong surface winds,
large hail, and/or tornadoes.
T-TAIL—A type of glider with the
horizontal stabilizer mounted on
the top of the vertical stabilizer,
G-6
the elevator (or stabilator) or a
simple spring-tension system connected
to the control stick.
TRUE ALTITUDE—The actual
height of an object above mean
sea level.
V-TAIL—A type of glider with two
tail surfaces mounted to form a V.
V-Tails combine elevator and rudder
movements.
VARIOMETER—Sensitive rate
of climb or descent indicator that
measures static pressure between
　
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