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symptoms of hyperventilation.
• Headache
• Decreased Reaction Time
• Impaired Judgment
• Euphoria
• Visual Impairment
• Drowsiness
• Lightheaded or Dizzy Sensation
• Tingling in Fingers and Toes
• Numbness
• Pale, Clammy Appearance
• Muscle Spasms
Hyperventilation may produce a pale, clammy
appearance and muscle spasms compared to the
cyanosis and limp muscles associated with
hypoxia. The treatment for hyperventilation
involves restoring the proper carbon dioxide level
in the body. Breathing normally is both the best
prevention and the best cure for hyperventilation.
In addition to slowing the breathing rate, you also
can breathe into a paper bag or talk aloud to overcome
hyperventilation. Recovery is usually rapid
once the breathing rate is returned to normal.
Figure 1-13. The semicircular canals lie in three planes, and sense the motions of roll, pitch, and yaw.
1-13
MIDDLE EAR AND SINUS PROBLEMS
Since gliders are not pressurized, pressure
changes affect glider pilots flying to high altitudes.
Inner ear pain and a temporary reduction in your
ability to hear is caused by the ascents and
descents of the glider. The physiological explanation
for this discomfort is a difference between the
pressure of the air outside your body and that of
the air inside your middle ear. The middle ear cavity
is a small cavity located in the bone of the skull.
While the external ear canal is always at the same
pressure as the outside air, the pressure in the
middle ear often changes more slowly. Even a
slight difference between external pressure and
middle ear pressure can cause discomfort.
During a climb, as the glider ascends, middle ear
air pressure may exceed the pressure of the air in
the external ear canal, causing the eardrum to
bulge outward. You become aware of this pressure
change when you experience alternate sensations
of “fullness” and “clearing.” During
descent, the reverse happens. While the pressure
of the air in the external ear canal increases, the
middle ear cavity, which equalized with the lower
pressure at altitude, is at lower pressure than the
external ear canal. This results in the higher outside
pressure, causing the eardrum to bulge
inward.
This condition can be more difficult to relieve due
to the fact that air must be introduced into the middle
ear through the eustachian tube to equalize
the pressure. The fact that the inner ear is a partial
vacuum tends to constrict the walls of the
eustachian tube. To remedy this often painful condition,
which causes temporary reduction in hearing
sensitivity, pinch your nostrils shut, close your
mouth and lips, and blow slowly and gently in the
mouth and nose.
This procedure, which is called the Valsalva
maneuver, forces air up the eustachian tube into
the middle ear. If you have a cold, an ear infection,
or sore throat, you may not be able to equalize the
pressure in your ears. A flight in this condition can
be extremely painful, as well as damaging to your
eardrums. If you are experiencing minor congestion,
nose drops or nasal sprays may reduce the
chance of a painful ear blockage. Before you use
any medication, check with an aviation medical
examiner to ensure that it will not affect your ability
to fly.
During ascent and descent, air pressure in the
sinuses equalizes with the pressure in the cockpit
through small openings that connect the sinuses
to the nasal passages. Either an upper respiratory
infection, such as a cold or sinusitis, or a
nasal allergic condition can produce enough congestion
around an opening to slow equalization
and, as the difference in pressure between the
sinus and the cockpit mounts, eventually plug the
opening. This “sinus block” occurs most frequently
during descent. Slow descent rates can
reduce the associated pain. A sinus block can
occur in the frontal sinuses, located above each
eyebrow, or in the maxillary sinuses, located in each
upper cheek. It will usually produce excruciating
pain over the sinus area. A maxillary sinus block can
also make the upper teeth ache. Bloody mucus may
discharge from the nasal passages.
You can prevent a sinus block by not flying with
an upper respiratory infection or nasal allergic
condition. Adequate protection is usually not provided
by decongestant sprays or drops to reduce
congestion around the sinus openings. Oral
decongestants have side effects that can impair
　
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