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monitoring the instruments or scanning outside
t h e
aircraft. Many cockpit distractions begin as a
minor problem, such as a gauge that is not reading
correctly, but result in accidents as the pilot
diverts attention to the perceived problem and
neglects to properly control the aircraft.
Complacency presents another obstacle to maintaining
situational awareness. When activities
become routine, you may have a tendency to
relax and not put as much effort into performance.
Like fatigue, complacency reduces your effectiveness
in the cockpit. However, complacency is
harder to recognize than fatigue, since everything
is perceived to be progressing smoothly. For
example, you have been flying multiple glider
rides out of an uncontrolled airport. The wind has
been calm, and you have been using the same
runway all day. Without thinking, you enter downwind
without taking the wind direction into
account. As you make your turn to final, you realize
that your groundspeed is extremely fast. You
overshoot the runway and collide with a fence,
causing extensive damage to the glider and injuring
your passenger.
OPERATIONAL PITFALLS
There are a number of classic behavioral traps
into which pilots have been known to fall. Pilots,
particularly those with considerable experience,
as a rule, always try to complete a flight as
planned, please passengers, and meet schedules.
The basic drive to meet or exceed goals
can have an adverse effect on safety, and can
impose an unrealistic assessment of piloting
skills under stressful conditions. These tendencies
ultimately may bring about practices that are
dangerous and often illegal, and may lead to a
mishap. You will develop awareness and learn to
avoid many of these operational pitfalls through
effective ADM training. [Figure 1-11]
MEDICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED
WITH GLIDER FLYING
A number of physiological effects can be linked
to flying. Some are minor, while others are important
enough to require special attention to ensure
safety of flight. In some cases, physiological factors
can lead to in-flight emergencies. Some
important medical factors that you should be
aware of as a glider pilot include hypoxia, hyperventilation,
middle ear and sinus problems, spatial
disorientation, motion sickness, carbon
monoxide poisoning, stress and fatigue, dehydration,
and heatstroke. Other subjects include
the effects of alcohol and drugs, and excess
nitrogen in the blood after scuba diving.
HYPOXIA
Hypoxia occurs when the tissues in the body do
not receive enough oxygen. The symptoms of
hypoxia vary with the individual. Hypoxia can be
caused by several factors, including an insufficient
supply of oxygen, inadequate transportation
of oxygen, or the inability of the body tissues to
use oxygen. The forms of hypoxia are divided into
four major groups based on their causes; hypoxic
hypoxia, hypemic hypoxia, stagnant hypoxia, and
histotoxic hypoxia.
1-11
HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
Although the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere
is constant, its partial pressure decreases
proportionately as atmospheric pressure
decreases. As you ascend during flight, the percentage
of each gas in the atmosphere remains
the same, but there are fewer molecules available
at the pressure required for them to pass
between the membranes in your respiratory
system. This decrease of oxygen molecules at
sufficient pressure can lead to hypoxic hypoxia.
HYPEMIC HYPOXIA
When your blood is not able to carry a sufficient
amount of oxygen to the cells in your body, a condition
called hypemic hypoxia occurs. This type of
hypoxia is a result of a deficiency in the blood,
rather than a lack of inhaled oxygen, and can be
caused by a variety of factors. For example, if you
have anemia, or a reduced number of healthy
functioning blood cells for any reason, your blood
has a decreased capacity for carrying oxygen. In
addition, any factor that interferes or displaces
oxygen that is attached to the blood’s hemoglobin
can cause hypemic hypoxia. The most common
form of hypemic hypoxia is carbon monoxide poisoning,
which is discussed later. Hypemic hypoxia
also can be caused by the loss of blood that
occurs during a blood donation. Your blood can
take several weeks to return to normal following a
donation. Although the effects of the blood loss
are slight at ground level, there are risks when flying
during this time.
STAGNANT HYPOXIA
Stagnant hypoxia is an oxygen deficiency in the
　
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