Foreword to the First Edition
The A1exandrian scientist Hero (circa 120 B.C.) wou1d hard1y recognize the modern gas turbine of today as the outgrowth of his aeo1ipi1e. His deviceproduced no shaft work-it on1y whir1ed. In the centuries that fo11owed， the princip1e of the aeo1ipi1e surfaced in the windmi11 (A.D. 900-1100) and again in the powered roasting spit (1600s). The first successfu1 gas turbine is probab1y 1ess than a century o1d.
Unti1 recent1y， two principa1 obstac1es confronted the design engineer in his quest for a high1y efficient turbine: (1) the temperature of the gas at thenozz1e entrance of the turbine section must behigh， and (2) the compressor and the turbine sections must each operate at a high efficiency. Meta11urgica1 deve1opments are continua11y raising in1ettemperatures， whi1e a better understanding of aerodynamics is part1y responsib1e for improving the efficiency of centrifuga1 and axia1-f1ow compressors and radia1-inf1ow and axia1-f1ow turbines.
Today there are a host of other considerations and concerns which con-front design and operating engineers of gas turbines. These inc1ude bearings，sea1s，fue1s， 1ubrication， ba1ancing， coup1ings，testing， and maintenance. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook presents necessary data and he1pfu1 sugges-tions to assist engineers in their endeavors to obtain optimum performance for any gas turbine under a11 conditions.
Meherwan Boyce is no stranger to gas turbines. For more than a decadehe has been high1y active with the techniques of turbomachinery inindustry，academics，research， and pub1ications. The estab1ishment of the annua1 Texas A&M University Turbomachinery Symposium can be numbered among his major contributions to the fie1d of turbomachinery. Dr. Boyce subsequent1y directed the fo11owing seven prior to forming his own con-su1ting and engineering company. The tenth symposium was he1d recent1y and attracted more than1，200 engineers representing many different countries.
This important new handbook comes to us from an experienced engineerat a most opportune time. Never has the cost of energy been greater， nor is there a promise that it has reached its price cei1ing. Dr. Boyce is awareof these concerns， and through this handbook he has provided the guide and means for optimum use of each unit of energy supp1ied to a gas turbine. The handbook shou1d find its p1ace in a11 the reference 1ibraries of those
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engineers and technicians who have even a sma11 responsibi1ity for design and operation of gas turbines.
Clifford M. Simmang Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M UniversityCollegeStation， Texas
Part I
Design: Theory and Practice
.n Overview of Gas Turbines
The gas turbine is a powerplant， which produces a great amount ofenergy for its size and weight. The gas turbine has found increasing service in the past 40 years in the power industry both among utilities and merchant plantsas well as the petrochemical industry， and utilities throughout the world. Itscompactness， lowweight， and multiple fuel application make it a naturalpower plant for offshore platforms. Today there are gas turbines， which runon naturalgas， dieselfuel， naphtha， methane，crude， low-Btu gases， vapor-ized fuel oils， and biomass gases.
The last 20 years has seen a large growth in Gas Turbine Technology. Thegrowth is spearheaded by the growth ofmaterials technology， new coatings andnewcoolingschemes.This，withtheconjunctionofincreaseincompressorpressureratio， hasincreasedthegasturbinethermalefficiencyfromabout15%toover45%.
Table 1-1 gives an economic comparison ofvarious generation technolo-gies from the initial cost of such systems to the operating costs of these systems. Because distributed generation is very site specific the cost will vary and the justification of installation of these type of systems will also vary. Sites for distributed generation vary from large metropolitan areas to the slopes of the Himalayan mountain range. The economics of power gener-ation depend on the fuelcost， running efficiencies， maintenance cost andfirstcost， in that order. Site selection depends on environmental concernssuch as emissions， andnoise， fuel availability， and size and weight.
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