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Competing interests
Even though it is tempting to consider traffic growth as the only challenge facing Terminal Airspace in the future, this view is incomplete. Indeed, the pressures placed upon Terminal Airspace in the future are likely to exacerbate an increasingly complex situation particularly when viewed together with the overriding requirement to ensure safety irrespective of air traffic increases. The challenges facing Terminal Airspaces of the future include:
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satisfying increasing demands made on the air traffic services to ensure that capacity is (at least) maintained, that delays are minimised and safety assured;

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satisfying increasing requirements to ensure protection of the environment3;

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satisfying diverse requirements of various airspace users (which includes the increased use of regional airports to accommodate the proliferation of low-cost carrier operations);

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developing cost-effective technological enablers for air traffic control, environmental protection and airspace users to both support their respective needs and overcome any constraints that they might face;

Therefore, from a Terminal Airspace perspective, it is becoming increasingly important to ensure that the Terminal Airspace serving major airports actively address these emerging realities.
That the diverse interests of the Terminal Airspace ‘participants’ do not always coincide is a reality. Where, for example, ATC may prefer to use a particular runway in order to maximise capacity, flight paths to and from this runway may be considered unsatisfactory because of the environmental impact. Similarly, the preference of commercial air transport and airport operators for making continuous descent approaches to an airport – so as to minimise fuel burn and minimise environmental impact – these can be difficult for ATC to accommodate effectively in high-density Terminal Airspace where speed control limitations are frequently imposed upon arriving flights for traffic sequencing. Consequently, it is natural that tensions can and do arise as a result of the competing interests between these three groups – and that these need to be dealt with.
Added to this complexity is the reality that competing interests exist not only between the various Terminal Airspace ‘participants’ but within each of these groups. Examples are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1 -1. From an ATC perspective, the ‘triangular’ interests of the Regulator, the air navigation service provider (ANSP) and social could refer to the challenges that may be encountered by any of the three ‘parties’ in meeting the requirements
3 Traditionally, TMAs sought to address only the operational needs of air traffic control. This changed after the 1970s, when one of the effects of the oil crisis was to increase an awareness of the needs of, in particular, the commercial air transport airspace user. Most recently, in the years following the Kyoto Protocol, it has become incumbent on the aviation industry as a whole and on airports in particular to minimise adverse impact upon the environment.
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of the other. Even when taken in isolation, internal ‘tensions’ may exist within any one of these three interested parties. For example, the ‘social’ part of the ATC triangle can be viewed in several ways
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difficulties experienced by ANSPs in obtaining personnel to staff remote areas;

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competition between different ANSPs within one State;

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tensions between staff from ‘major’ and ‘minor’ ATC stations or between en-route and terminal controllers (alluded to in para 1.1);
　
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本文鏈接地址：EUROCONTROL MANUAL FOR AIRSPACE PLANNING 1(101)