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345“One of the issues as important in the API process is that the data required must be collectable by machine or already contained in the airline’s system. Manual collection and data entry at the check-in desk for a scheduled .ight is time-consuming and prone to errors, and or life. The foundations of ‘information privacy,’ whereby the individuals would determine when, how, and to what extent information about themselves would be communicated to others, inextricably drawing the rightof controlof information about oneself,isa cornerstone of privacy.” Abeyratne(2001b,
p. 153).
346McMunn M.K. for ICAO Secretariat, “Facilitation and Security – Not a Zero-Sum Game”
(March 1999) ICAO Doc AFCAC/ATC/4-IP at point 9.
347Unof.cial statement givenby Mary K. McMunn, Chief of the Facilitation Section at ICAO.
348“[...] This technique is beginning to be used by Border Control Agencies and it has the

potential to reduce considerably the inconvenience and delay experienced by some travellers due to border controls”. Facilitation Division-11th Session, (1995) ICAO Doc FAL/11-IP/2.
D. The Passenger Name Record
API has begun to be for certain States a compulsory method for public autho-rities to manage risk prior to arrival in order to expedite clearance.349 The imple-mentation of such a system requires a great deal of regulation as it involves data capturing and processing.
3. History
Since 1948, ICAO’s Facilitation Division invoked the presence of reducing exit visas and granting a time constraint to any visa that has been given to a traveler350 with criteria in order for public authorities to manage the number of entries of a passenger, for example, and to standardize the required information on each visas. In 1959, during the Fifth Session,351 Rome determined additional criteria, which is not to applydifferent procedures that wouldbe less favorable to the airline industry in comparison to any other means of transport.
API was .rstbroughttolifebythe recommendationsofadoptingAnnex9in 1963 in Mexico.352 Followingthe United Nations Conference on International Travel and
349Refer to Recommendation Practice 3.34 of Annex 9: “Where appropriate Contracting States should introduce a system of advanced passenger information which involves the capture of certain passport or visa details prior to departure, the transmission of the details by electronic means to public authorities, and the analysis of such data for risk management purposes prior to arrival in order to expedite clearance. To minimize handling time during check-in, document reading devices should be used to capture the information in machine readable travel documents. When specifying the identifying information on passengers to be transmitted, Contracting States should only require information that is found in the machine readable zones of passports and visas that comply with the speci.cations contained in Doc 9303 (series), Machine Readable Travel Documents. All information required should conform to speci.cations for UN/EDIFACT PAXLST message formats”.
350“8.1 (RP) In order to facilitate the unilateral and bilateral elimination of entrance visas for non-immigrants, but at the same time to provide a simpli.ed form of control with respect to the movement of non-immigrants where such control is deemed necessary, the following uniform system should be adopted[...]8.4 (RP) Each State should abolish exit visas, and reduce any other emergency exit formalities to an absolute minimum”. Facilitation Division, “Final Report Of The Second Session” (Geneva, June 1948) ICAO Doc 5464-FAL/535.
351“3.1(ST) Governmental regulations and procedures applied to persons travelling by air shall be no less favorable than those applied to persons travelling by other means of transport. 3.2(ST) Contracting States shall make provisions whereby the procedures for clearance of persons travelling by air will be applied and carried out in such a manner to retain advantage of speed inherent in air transport. 3.3(ST) No documents other than those provided for in this Chapter shall be required by Contracting States for the entry into and departure from their territories of tourists. And other temporary visitors”. Facilitation Division, “Report of The Fifth Session” (Rome, December 1959) ICAO Doc 8043-FAL/562 Recommendation A-17.
　
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