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(including but not limited to flight operations, training, safety department and pilots’ union);
e) suitable department to be responsible for administering the programme (for example, the safety
department);
f) selection and training of credible observers;
g) scheduling, targeted concerns (e.g. stabilized approaches), fleet coverage, etc.;
h) protocols to be followed by flight crew and observers;
i) protocols for the protection of data;
j) analysis process;
k) formal reporting requirements;
l) communication of results; and
m) process for implementing changes necessary to reduce or eliminate hazards identified.
16.4.25 The best results are obtained when LOSA is conducted in an environment of trust. Line pilots
must believe that there will be no repercussions at the individual level; otherwise their behaviour will not
reflect daily reality and LOSA will be little more than an elaborate line check. In this regard, the
Memorandum of Understanding in Appendix 3 to this chapter, which relates to FDA, may be instructive.
16.5 CABIN SAFETY PROGRAMME
General
16.5.1 Cabin safety is aimed at minimizing risks to the occupants of the aircraft. By reducing or
eliminating hazards with the potential for creating injuries or causing damage, cabin safety focuses on
providing a safer environment for the occupants of the aircraft.
Chapter 16. Aircraft Operations 16-21
16.5.2 The range of threats to the aircraft and its occupants include:
a) in-flight turbulence;
b) smoke or fire in the cabin;
c) decompression;
d) emergency landings;
e) emergency evacuations; and
f) unruly passengers.
16.5.3 The work environment and working conditions for cabin crew are influenced by a diverse set of
human performance issues that may affect how cabin crew respond to threats, errors and other undesirable
states. Some of the more common human performance issues affecting the performance of cabin crew are
outlined in Appendix 4 to this chapter.
16.5.4 The cabin crew are usually the only company representatives that passengers see while in the
aircraft. From the passengers’ perspective, the cabin crew are there to provide in-flight service. From the
perspective of senior management, the cabin crew may have more to do with creating a favourable
corporate image. From a regulatory and operational perspective, cabin crew are on board to manage
adverse situations that may develop in the aircraft cabin and to provide direction and assistance to
passengers during an emergency.
16.5.5 Following a major aviation accident, investigative attention will likely focus initially on flight
operations. As guided by the evidence, the investigation may then expand to include other issues. The
triggering event for an accident rarely begins in the passenger compartment. However, improper response
by cabin crew to events in the cabin may have more serious consequences. For example:
a) incorrect loading of passengers (e.g. weight and balance considerations);
b) failure to properly secure the cabin and galleys for take-off and landing and in turbulence;
c) delayed reaction to warnings (e.g. of in-flight turbulence);
d) inappropriate response to events in the cabin (e.g. electrical short-circuits, smoke, fumes, or an
oven fire); and
e) failure to report significant observations (such as fluid leaks, or wings contaminated by snow or ice)
to the flight crew.
16.5.6 With much of the cabin crew members’ routine activities focused on cabin service, extra effort is
required to ensure that cabin service is not provided at the expense of fulfilling their primary responsibilities
for passenger safety. It is essential that training and operating procedures for cabin crew address the full
range of issues that could have safety consequences.
ICAO requirements
16.5.7 Although ICAO does not require cabin crew to be licensed, Chapter 12 of Annex 6 — Operation
of Aircraft specifies requirements with respect to:
16-22 Safety Management Manual (SMM)
a) assignment of emergency duties;
b) role during emergency evacuations;
c) use of emergency equipment;
d) flight- and duty-time limits; and
e) training.
16.5.8 Operators are required to establish and maintain an approved training programme (including
recurrent training) to be completed by all persons before being assigned as cabin crew. This training is
aimed at ensuring the competence of cabin crew to perform in emergency situations.
16.5.9 The Preparation of an Operations Manual (Doc 9376) provides further guidance for training of
cabin crew including:
a) joint training with flight crew in handling of emergencies; and
b) training in assisting flight crew (of two-pilot crews) in the event of flight crew incapacitation.
　
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