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Uniformity is achieved through common implementing
rules adopted by the Commission. The
Total System Approach eliminates the risk of safety
gaps or overlaps, of conflicting requirements and
of confused responsibilities. Regulations are interpreted
and applied in one single way throughout
the 31 EASA Member States and best practices are
recommended. Uniformity also means protecting
citizens and providing a level playing field for the
internal market and in the perspective of interoperability.
The Total System Approach also streamlines
the certification processes and reduces the
burden on regulated persons.
With the Implementing Rules detailing the new responsibilities of the Agency as laid
out in the amended Basic Regulation (216/2008), EASA is introducing a horizontal
structure of its rules. The reason for this new structure is the need for a global regulatory
framework for aviation safety.
The new EASA rule structure
– a horizontal approach
Authority
Requirements
Organisations
Requirements
Technical
Requirements
AeMC
AeMC
MED
GEN
GEN
MED
FLC
ATO
CC
CC
OPS
OPS
OPS
145
145
147 66 145
DOA
DOA
DOA
etc.
etc.
etc.
Licencing
Graph 1: The new rule structure – a horizontal approach
Focus on: EASA’s new regulatory tasks
European Aviation Sa fety Agency EASANEWS 02. 2009 07
Ditching, the word has a sense of desperation, expectation of the worst.
It’s possible that the aviation term arose from early pilots describing
their “last ditch” option to land a misbehaving aeroplane in a convenient
body of water. Recent events in New York on the other hand have shown
that today the prospect of an aircraft ditching need not be viewed with
quite the same foreboding.
The possibility of a water landing, although exceedingly
unlikely, has been considered very carefully
in the development of the EASA rules that
aircraft designers and operators must follow.
Airliner designs intended for long flights over
water are required by EASA Certification Specifications
to undergo a range of analyses and tests to
show that a water landing, without critical damage
and without injury to the occupants, is feasible
and that the aircraft will subsequently float for a
time compatible with evacuation. In addition to
calculations and computer modelling to verify sufficient
structural strength, tests with scale models
dropped into a water tank are performed when
necessary to evaluate the general behaviour of the
aircraft during a water landing and to support the
analyses.
As with any evacuation, highly competent cabin
crew significantly contribute to rapid egress.
Therefore, European requirements for cabin crew
training, which involve actual practice in water
demonstrating the use of life-rafts, aim at ensuring
that cabin crew achieve and maintain the level of
proficiency required to perform efficiently in case
of an emergency.
Having left a successfully ditched aircraft, passengers
and crew may clearly benefit from life jackets
and rafts. Operational rules demand the provision
of easily reached lifejackets for all occupants, on
flights over water. This applies even in the case
where the only water intended to be crossed is at
the airfield of origin or destination, for instance
because of location close to the coast or a lake.
Furthermore, the cabin crew’s pre-flight briefing
on donning and use of lifejackets, familiar to all air
travellers, is a requirement.
Life rafts with places for all on board and containing
survival equipment such as food, water, signalling
equipment and a radio locator transmitter are
also required for aircraft making longer flights over
water. In the larger aircraft the raft function is often
neatly incorporated into the inflatable escape
slides needed for ground evacuations.
The safety regulation of aircraft design and operation
and the technologies developed by manufacturers
and airlines have reached very high levels
of maturity, thus the need to land away from an
airport is now no more than a faint possibility.
Nevertheless, the enormous size of the air travel
industry means that this may occasionally happen.
The EASA ditching regulations are in place to provide
those involved in a water based event the best
chance of coming through unscathed. Real life testing
of these regulations’ effectiveness is thankfully
a remote occurrence. EASA’s stock of knowledge in
　
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