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– Harder to “reverse engineer” for someone else’s code
– Default checkers based on types useful
Future expressiveness and usability improvements
– Pointer arithmetic and arrays
– More generic checkers:
polymorphic “element kind unspecified”
higher-order parameterized by other predicates
Future evaluation: user study
Bor-Yuh Evan Chang - End-User Program Analysis
34
Summary of
Extensible Inductive Shape Analysis
Key Insight: Checkers as specifications
Developer View: Global, Expressed in a familiar style
Analysis View: Capture developer intent, Not
arbitrary inductive definitions
Constructing the program analysis
Intermediate states: Generalized segment predicates
Splitting: Checker parameter types with levels
Summarizing: History-guided approach
list next list list list list
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c(°) c0(°0)
Bor-Yuh Evan Chang - End-User Program Analysis
35
Conclusion
Extensible Inductive Shape Analysis
precision demanding program analysis
improved by novel user interaction
Developer: Gets results corresponding to
intuition
Analysis: Focused on what’s important to
the developer
Practical precise tools for better software
with an end-user approach!
Bor-Yuh Evan Chang - End-User Program Analysis
What can inductive
shape analysis do for you?
http://xisa.cs.berkeley.edu
A Berkshire Hathaway Company
Group Life UW and Risk Management Application
“A Perspective on Risk Management, Profitability & Product Innovation”
Ibrahim Salame
Group Life UW and RM Application 5
Agenda
• Introduction to Group Life Insurance
• Product Design
• Pricing
• Experience Rating
• Activities of Gen Re
• Workshop
Group Life UW and RM Application 6
Introduction to Group Life Insurance
What is Group Insurance?
A Group Insurance scheme is a plan under
which persons are collectively insured as
members of a group and not as individuals
Group Life UW and RM Application 7
Introduction to Group Life Insurance
Differences between Group and Individual
• Unit rate, i.e. single rate for the whole group
• Limited or no individual underwriting
• Short term contracts (1-3 years)
• Regular rebrokes of business
Group Life UW and RM Application 8
Introduction to Group Life Insurance
Forms of Group Covers
• Employees of a company
• Professional associations
• Credit life (mortgage / loan repayments)
• Credit card holders
• Newspaper subscribers etc.
Group Life UW and RM Application 9
Introduction to Group Life Insurance
Types of Group Covers (1)
• Death risk
• Long Term Disability
• Dread Disease
• Long Term Care
• Medical
Group Life UW and RM Application 10
Introduction to Group Life Insurance
Types of Group Covers (2)
• Accidental Death and Disability Riders
• TPD Riders
• Loss of Licence Covers
• Packages
A Berkshire Hathaway Company
Group Life Product Design
Group Life UW and RM Application 12
Product Design
Aims of Product Design Features
• Meet requirements of insured (where possible)
• Ensure risk can be assured and underwritten
• Avoid antiselection
Group Life UW and RM Application 13
Product Design
Specification of covered Group
• “Natural” group
• Minimum size 10
• Unambiguous eligibility and entry conditions
• Compulsory or voluntary with minimum take-up
• Actively at work clause
Group Life UW and RM Application 14
Product Design
Actively at Work Clause
• At scheme commencement cover
is only granted to those members
who are actively at work
• Employees not actively at work at
commencement:
- need to complete a qualifying
period or
- need to undergo individual
underwriting
Group Life UW and RM Application 15
Product Design
Actively at work clause
On scheme renewals this applies to
• New members
• Increases in the level of cover
Group Life UW and RM Application 16
Product Design
Level of cover
Must be pre-determined by a fixed formula to avoid
antiselection, e.g.
• Multiple of salary
• Fixed sums
• Classes of sums insured
Group Life UW and RM Application 17
Product Design
Free Cover Limits
　
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