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European Union. By the 1990s, there were 12 member
countries of the then EC (European Community), 25 members
in the European Union (EU) in 2004, and it’s still expanding.
It was in the 1990s that the ‘four freedoms’ (movement of
goods, services, people and money) were established, and
this drove the creation of key directives including the EMC
Directive, which in turn required ESD tests. The EU requires
each member nation to establish laws requiring applicable
directives be met and as a result, meeting EMC standards
became a legal requirement to ship goods.4
The EMC Directive simply says that, to move goods across
borders of European countries, products need to meet certain
basic criteria for immunity to certain EMC effects, keeping
unwanted radiation to minimum levels. (Electrical and
electronic products also must meet certain electrical and
mechanical safety requirements, and some products also need
to meet additional directives depending on their application.)
The EMC Directive is now the driving force behind ESD
standards for system level testing world-wide and, because
meeting it is mandatory by law, the Directive is forcing
harmonization of ESD standards and test methods at all
levels – international, national, industry and corporate.
How IEC Standards and Simulators Became
Dominant for EMC
The IEC was established in the early 1900s and became
involved in EMC during the 1970s with the advent of
computers and solid state electronic controls. The Industrial-
Figure 3: The first completely computer ESD tester for semiconductor
devices introduced in 1989 by KeyTek Instrument Corp.
CE Mark Test
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ESD/EFT/SURGE/DIPS/MAG
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52 Conformity September 2008
Process Measurement and Control Equipment Committee
began working on the development of a set of EMC
standards, the first of which would be IEC 801-2 for ESD,
published in 1984. This was to be the first internationally
recognized standard that specified the network to be used, the
injected current waveform, and the methods, including the
environment.
The Industrial-Process Measurement and Control Equipment
Committee represented an industry where electromagnetic and
pneumatic controls were rapidly being replaced by computer
controls, and there was great concern about what would
happen if computers failed due to upset from ESD or other
EMC events. Having a process plant shut down by an ESD
event would be disastrous from a financial point of view, not
to mention the unknown commands (or lack of commands) an
upset computer could have in the plant.
Computer control meant the control room in a process plant
was transformed from a concrete block-house to an office-like
environment with carpets on the floor, air-conditioning and
humidity control, and it was quickly realized that any standard
developed for this environment had application for the
general office environment as well. Continued development
of ESD and other EMC standards was subsequently moved
to Technical Committee 77, where responsibility for EMC
resides to this day. Because of its international status under the
IEC, this committee would become the driving force for EMC
standards world-wide.
For compliance with the essential provisions of the EMC
　
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