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telesystolic frames only, allowing the computation of
the LV area over time and the extraction of LV function
parameters. Expected modifications in LV area were
found; interestingly, LV filling due to atrial contraction
was doubled during microgravity, probably due to the
increased venous return and subsequent atrial
distension [10].
5. Conclusions
Despite the not excellent quality of the analyzed
images, due to the critical experimental conditions, the
proposed method was able to detect the dynamic
changes in LV area caused by parabolic flights. Level
set technique can be applied to 2-D ultrasound images
for the semi-automatic extraction of LV endocardial
contour and chamber dimensions.
References
[1] Lathers CM, Charles JB, Elton KF, Holt TA, Mukai C,
Bennet BS, Bungo MW. Acute hemodynamic responses
to weightlessness in humans. J Clin Pharmacol
1989;29:615-27.
[2] Norsk P, Foldager N, Bonde-Petersen F, Elmann-Larsen
B, Johansen TS. Central venous pressure in humans
during short periods of weightlessness. J Appl Physiol
1987;63:2433-7.
[3] Johns JP, Vernalis MN, Karemaker JM, Latham RD.
Doppler evaluation of cardiac filling and ejection
properties in humans during parabolic flight. J Appl
Physiol 1994;76:2621-6.
[4] Carlson LD. Cardiovascular studies during and following
simulation and weightlessness. Life Sci Space Res
1967;5:51-4.
[5] Osher S, Sethian JA. Fronts Propagating with Curvature
Dependent Speed: Algorithms Based on Hamilton Jacobi
formulation. Journal of Computational Physics 1988;79:
12-49.
[6] Sethian JA. Level set methods and fast marching
methods. Cambridge:University Press1999.
[7] Malladi R, Sethian JA, Vemuri BC. Shape Modelling
with Front Propagation: A Level Set Approach. IEEE
Trans. On Patterns Analysis and Machine Intelligence
1995;17(2):158-175.
[8] Sarti A, Lamberti C, Malladi R. Level set models for
analysis of 2D and 3D echocardiographic data. In:
Ravikanth Malladi, editor. Geometric Methods in Bio-
Medical Image Processing. Springer Verlag, 2001:43-61.
[9] Corsi C, Saracino G, Sarti A, Lamberti C. Left
Ventricular Volume Estimation for Real-Time Three-
Dimensional Echocardiography. IEEE TMI Special Issue
on New Trends on Cardiovascular Image Analysis
2002;21(9): in press.
[10] Videbaek R, Norsk P. Atrial distension in humans during
microgravity induced by parabolic flights. J Appl Physiol
1997;83:1862-1866.
Address for correspondence.
Enrico G Caiani
Dipartimento di Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano
P.zza L. Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
E-mail: caiani@biomed.polimi.it
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