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navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical
fixed service satellite distribution systems; and
c) issue updated advisory information to meteorological
watch offices for each tropical cyclone, as necessary, but
at least every six hours.
CHAPTER 4. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
AND REPORTS
Note.- Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this chapter are given in Appendix 3.
4.1 Aeronautical meteorological stations
and observations
4.1.1 Each Contractin-g State shall establish at aerodromes
and other points of significance to international air navigation,
in its tenitory, such aeronautical meteorological stations as it
determines to be necessary. An aeronautical meteorological
station may be a separate station or may be combined with a
synoptic station.
4.1.2 Recommendation.- Each Contracting State
should establish, or arrange for the establishment of; aeronautical
meteorological stations on offshore structures or at
other points of significance in support of helicopter operations
to offshore structures, if required by regional air navigation
agreement.
4.1.3 Aeronautical meteorological stations shall make
routine observations at fixed intervals. At aerodromes, the
routine observations shall be supplemented by special observations
whenever specified changes occur in respect of surface
wind, visibility, runway visual range, present weather, clouds
andlor air temperature.
4.1.4 Recommendation.- Each Contracting State
should arrange for its aeronautical meteorological stations to
be inspected at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure that a
high standard of observations is maintained, that instruments
and all their indicators are functioning correctly, and to check
whether the exposure of the instruments has changed
significantly.
4.1.5 At aerodromes, with runways intended for Category
I1 and I11 instrument approach and landing operations, automated
equipment for measuring or assessing, as appropriate,
and for monitoring and remote indicating of surface wind,
visibility, runway visual range, height of cloud base, air and
dew-point temperatures and atmospheric pressure shall be
installed to support approach and landing and take-off operations.
These devices shall be integrated automatic systems for
acquisition, processing, dissemination and display in real time
of the meteorological parameters affecting landing and takeoff
operations. The design of integrated automatic systems
shall observe Human Factors principles and include back-up
procedures.
Note I.- Categories of precision approach and landing
operations are defned in Annex 6, Part I.
Note 2.- Guidance material on the application of Human
Factors principles can be found in the Human Factors
Training Manual (Doc 9683).
4.1.6 Recommendation.- At aerodromes, with runways
intended for Category I instrument approach and landing
operations, automated equipment for measuring or assessing,
as appropriate, and for monitoring and remote indicating of
surface wind, visibility, runway visual range, height of cloud
base, air and dew-point temperatures and atmospheric
pressure should be installed to support approach and landing
and take-off operations. These devices should be integrated
automatic systems for acquisition, processing, dissemination
and display in real time of the meteorological parameters
affecting landing and take-off operations. The design of
integrated automatic systems should observe Human Factors
principles and include back-up procedures.
4.1.7 Recommendation.- Where an integrated automatic
system is used for the dissemination/display of
meteorological information, it should be capable of accepting
the manual insertion of data covering those meteorological
elements which cannot be observed by automatic means.
4.1.8 The observations shall form the basis for the
preparation of reports to be disseminated at the aerodrome of
origin and for reports to be disseminated beyond the
aerodrome of origin.
4.1.9 Owing to the variability of meteorological elements
in space and time, to limitations of observing techniques and to
limitations caused by the definitions of some of the elements,
the specific value of any of the elements given in a report shall
be und&stood by the recipient to be the best approximation to
the actual conditions at the time of observation.
Note.- Guidance on the operationally desirable and
currently attainable accuracy of measurement or observation
is given in Attachment A.
4.2 Agreement between air traffic services authorities
and meteorological authorities
　
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