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USA operate a similar scheme for the
energy sector and judging by President
Obama’s stance
on environmental
issues so far, it is
likely that a cap
and trade scheme
could be rolled
out across the entire
US in the nottoo-
distant future.
It should not
be overlooked
that the US Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA) recently
declared CO2 a
major hazard to
human health. This now gives it the
power to regulate it, possibly by using
the Clean Air Act to enforce the reduction
of emissions from the use of fossil
fuels.
However, the biggest potential regulatory
shake-up for the industry is undoubtedly
the successor to the Kyoto
Protocol. So, what is that likely to imply
for aviation? Well, with even some industry
members themselves pushing
for aviation’s inclusion in any deal, it
is a pretty safe bet that new regulation
will be developed to ensure that
the States’ commitments are met. The
Group on International Aviation and
Climate Change’s recent report points
the way for the position to be taken
by ICAO at Copenhagen, to be agreed
at a High-Level Meeting of Contracting
States in October. Whatever the
outcome, ANSPs, airspace users and
airport operators must work together
to plan the best possible route that
meets the mission
– and emission –
requirements.
But of course, CO2
is not the only
pollutant caused
by aircraft and
there is increasing
pressure on
regulators to deal
with nitrous oxide
(NOx) emissions if
a sound scientific
basis for this can
be established.
Some European
airports are already regulated for NOx
and a legislative proposal thereon is
shortly expected from the European
Commission although it is unlikely
that cruise NOx would be considered
at this stage. Perhaps the most controversial
environmental impact of aviation
is contrails and the cirrus clouds
they can produce, which the scientific
community is increasingly convinced
have a similar warming effect to CO2.
This may lead to growing pressure for
Reducing aviation’s
environmental impact
Business and regulatory
drivers in ATM
2012 will mark aviation’s
inclusion in the European
Emissions Trading
Scheme. It is estimated
that this will reduce
demand by around
1 million departures per
year – or 5% – by 2030
Skyway 52 Summer & Autumn 2009 23
FOCUS
action under the precautionary principle.
If so, ATM is in the front line.
The issues of NOx and contrails demonstrate
that the industry cannot afford
to sit back and assume that CO2,
local air quality and noise are its ‘only’
environmental problems. It seems
certain that the way the environmental
impact of our industry is regulated
is set to change significantly in the
coming years. Measures such as the
ETS, which already encompasses a
range of industries, or NOx regulations
may not be directly targeted at
ATM but nevertheless have an impact
on it. However, SES II is a body of legislation
on ATM alone and now contains
more extensive environmental
measures. This reflects the shift in
public attitude to environmental protection
in general, acknowledged in
the EU’s push for a sustainable transport
policy.
Despite the economic downturn, the
environmental issue has not disappeared.
We can expect, therefore,
to experience continued regulatory
pressure to drive down our industry’s
environmental impact. As far as ATM
is concerned, SES ll may be only the
start.
SES II will introduce new efficiencies
into the network, designed, amongst
other things, to shorten route lengths
and improve slot coordination. However,
who is to say that, as a result of decisions
taken at Copenhagen in December,
further environmental regulation
on ATM can be excluded. n
24
FOCUS
The European Commission and
EUROCONTROL are working together
to achieve the Single European Sky
(SES) targets of restructuring
airspace as a function of air
traffic flows, creating additional
capacity and increasing the
efficiency of the European air
traffic management (ATM) system.
EUROCONTROL’s expertise is a key
contributor to both the regulatory
and the operational/technological
dimensions of the SES.
The European Commission has
　
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本文鏈接地址：Skyway Magazine, Summer & Autumn 2009(15)