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affect the fit, form, or function of the parachute.
For the aspiring rigger, the primary purpose of knowing
the TSO system is determining the compatibility of components
when assembling the parachute system. This is
necessary in order to ensure that, besides fitting together
properly, the performance standards are compatible.
Under Advisory Circular (AC) 105-2—Sport Parachute
Jumping, “the assembly or mating of separately approved
components may be made by a certificated and appropriately
rated parachute rigger or parachute loft in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions and without
further authorization by the manufacturer or the FAA.”
Under these guidelines, there are certain parameters that
must be met. One of them is to ensure that “the strength
of the harness must always be equal to or greater than the
maximum force generated by the canopy during the certification
tests.” Full knowledge of the TSO documents
ensures that the above requirements are met.
CANOPY DESIGN
Accomplished design skills are not necessary for the rigger
to properly service parachutes. The skills involved to
become a designer can take several years of training and
practice. It is necessary, however, that the rigger understands
some of the basic concepts to relate the performance
characteristics to the design theory of the
components involved. For the average rigger, these concepts
are accepted as those proven and tested in the finished
product. The following are specific areas that the
rigger should understand to determine the identity, function,
and assembly of parachute components and their
interaction.
NOMENCLATURE
All riggers should become familiar with Parachute
Industry Association (PIA) Technical Standard 100 (TS-
100), Standardized Nomenclature for Ram-Air Inflated
Gliding Parachutes (See Appendix I). This document is
the official language and terminology used for ram-air
parachutes. It specifies the parts of the parachute, the
various construction methods, and the seam configurations
used. This is necessary for the rigger to understand
the manuals and repair procedures provided by the manufacturers
for their products.
Figure 2-4 identifies the components of a typical round
emergency parachute. The nomenclature of this design
Pilot chute
Bridle
Canopy
Lines
Risers
Container
Harness
Figure 2-4. Round parachute assembly.
TSO DOCUMENTS
TSO Number C23b C23c C23d
Performance Standard NAS-804 AS-8015a AS-8015b
Effective dates 1949-1984 1984-1994 1994-Present
Performance Low Speed 3000 lb Category A Wt: 300 lb Variable-
Specifications Speed: 150 kts Maximum operating
Standard 5000 lb Category B Wt: 300 lb weight x 1.2
Category Speed: 175 kts Maximum operating
Category C Wt: 300 lb speed x 1.2
Speed: 230 kts
Placard Limitations Low speed 3000 lb Category A Wt: 198 lb Placard with average
Speed: 130 kts peak force measured
Standard 5000 lb Category B Wt: 254 lb during the strength
Category Speed: 150 kts drops.
Category C Wt: 254 lb
Speed: 175 kts
Number of drop tests 28 68 68
Figure 2-3.TSO comparisons.
2-4
has remained constant for several decades with a few
exceptions. While some riggers who skydive think that
the square parachute has replaced it, the round parachute
still has many uses and in certain instances fulfills some
mission requirements better than the square. Poynter’s
Parachute Manual, Volume 1, Chapter 8, provides an
excellent discussion of the design parameters and characteristics
of round parachutes for those needing more technical
background.
CONSTRUCTION CONCEPTS AND
TECHNIQUES
TS-100 describes the various ram-air construction methods
such as half-cell chordwise, full-cell “I” beam chordwise,
full-cell interlocking “T” chordwise, and spanwise
configurations. When learning the various construction
methods, the beginning rigger can become confused as to
how the seams are folded together. Seeing the schematic
diagrams of the various configurations can help in the
repair sequence.
Round parachute construction is divided into two primary
techniques: bias and block construction. Bias construction
is most prevalent in the early parachutes and military
designs. It is generally the stronger of the two techniques
due to its ability to stretch more during opening. In bias
construction, the fabric is cut and sewn so that the warp
and filler threads are at 45 degrees to the centerline of the
gore. A typical example is the 28' C-9 canopy.
　
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