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● Toxicity
Although biodegradable, monoethylene-glycol should be considered as harmful if swallowed. The principal toxic effects of ethylene glycol are kidney damage, in most cases with fatal results. Several reports concerning the toxicity of diethyleneglycol showed that it can be compared to glycerin in this matter; glycerin is considered to be non-toxic. Propyleneglycol is classified as non-toxic. A special pure quality is used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, tobacco and beverages industry. Propyleneglycol is not irritating and the conversion in the human body occurs via intermediate products of the natural metabolism. However, the standard precautions taken when handling chemicals should be adopted when handling glycols.
● Protective clothes
Precautions include preventive skin protection by using suitable skin ointment and wearing thick protective clothing, as well as waterproof gloves. Due to the possibility of atomization, protective glasses should also be worn. Soaked clothes should be changed and, after each de-icing / anti-icing activity, the face and hands should be washed with water. Further details are available from the fluid manufacturers and the material data sheets for their products.
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B4.4 De-anti/anti-icing equipment
● De-icing/anti-icing trucks
Most of today’s equipment consists of trucks with a chassis on which the fluid tanks,
pumps, heating and lifting components are installed.
Although centrifugal pumps are installed in older equipment, more modern equipment is
fitted with cavity pumps or diaphragm pumps showing very low degradation of Type II and
IV fluids.
Most of the trucks have an open basket from which the operator de-/anti-ices the aircraft.
Closed cabins are also available, offering more comfort to the operator in a severe
environment.

● Stationary equipment
Stationary de-/anti-icing facilities, currently available at a limited number of airports,
consist of a gantry with spraying nozzles moving over the aircraft, similar in concept to a
car wash.
The advantage of such a system is a fast and thorough treatment of the surface of the
aircraft. As these systems can be operated by computers, working errors are practically
excluded and consistent quality can be ensured.

The disadvantage, however, is the operational bottleneck. If only one system is available
and de/anti-icing is necessary, the takeoff capacity of the respective runway will be limited
by the productivity of the gantry.

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Operations on fluid contaminated runways raise numerous questions from operators. Airlines which often operate under cold or inclement conditions are generally concerned in obtaining a better understanding of the numerous factors influencing aircraft braking performance: On one hand, how to minimize the payload loss, and on the other, how to maintain a high level of safety.
　
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