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1.4  This Digest is concerned principally with Cockpit Resource Management (CRM); however, since the preferred training vehicle for CRM training is a line-oriented flight training (LOFT) scenario, a description of LOFT is also included.
1.5  Other planned Digests have the following working titles:
Digest No. 3: Training of Operational Personnel in Human Performance and Limitations Digest No. 4: The Use of Human Factors in Personnel Selection Digest No. 5: Ergonomics and Automation
1.6  The ICAO Secretariat will endeavour to assist States with requests for additional information on the documentation available from various sources, on research undertaken by other States, and on the assistance which can be provided by institutions or individuals.
1.7  This Digest does not provide all the answers to the question of CRM training. Certainly it would not be possible for a State or an operator to introduce CRM only on the basis of the information presented. However, it is hoped that this Digest will demonstrate the advantages of CRM training as perceived by those who use it.
1.8  Many of the insights in this digest have been gleaned from the extensive Human Factors research carried out at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Centre in the United States. Information from various airlines as well as from IATA and IFALPA has also been used.
1.9  This digest was produced with the assistance of the ICAO Flight Safety and Human Factors (HF) Study Group.
Chapter 1 Human Factors Highlights

1  General
This chapter provides highlights on a limited number of Human Factors considerations, and is intended essentially for those readers who do not have available Digest No. 1: Fundamental Human Factors Concepts, which ideally should be read before this digest.

2  Overview
Human Factors is about people: it is about people in their working and living environments, and it is about their relationship with machines, equipment and procedures. Just as important, it is about their relationship with other people. It involves the over-all performance of human beings within the aviation system. Human Factors seeks to optimize the performance of people by the systematic application of the human sciences, often integrated within the framework of system engineering. Its twin objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.

3  Disciplines and Applications
3.1  Human Factors is essentially a multidisciplinary field. The disciplines include, but are not limited to: engineering, psychology, physiology, medicine, sociology and anthropometry (see Figure 1). Indeed, it is the multidisciplinary nature of the field, and the overlapping of its constituent disciplines, that makes a comprehensive definition difficult.
3.2  Human Factors has come to be concerned with diverse elements in the aviation system. These include human behaviour and performance; decision-making and other cognitive processes; the design of controls and displays; flight deck and cabin layout; communication and software aspects of computers; maps, charts and documentation; as well as the refinement of staff selection and training. Each of these aspects demands skilled and effective human performance.
　
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