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Almost half of all communications-related dual instruction incidents occurred within, or near, an airport environs, at an altitude less than 1,000 feet AGL. Ongoing communications with Tower were a prominent element of both ground and airborne incidents.

 In preflight briefings and ground instruction, instructors may wish to raise trainees’ awareness that airport surface operations are vulnerable to safety incidents during dual instruction. They should also consider emphasizing the importance of standard phraseology in communications with ATC, and the active monitoring ATC frequencies–especially tower frequencies.
Trainees often delayed actions or acted inappropriately because instructors made confusing or misleading comments; misinterpreted trainees’ comments; or delayed or withheld feedback on maneuvers.

 Our study data suggest the need for additional curriculum and training to improve the clarity, economy, and judgment of priority of verbal communications in dual training, especially for flight instructors. Trainees need to be able to express doubt or uncertainty, and also to admit mistakes. But it is also helpful for instructors to remember that every word counts–as well as the timing of training-related critiques. For example, it is more effective for an instructor to say “turn left 90 degrees,” than to ask, “where are you going?” as the aircraft enters controlled airspace without a required clearance.

 Instructors should consider delaying critiques until after tiedown, whenever possible. This will allow maximum attention to be given to other aircraft operations, compliance with taxi clearances, runway and taxiway markings and signs, pedestrian activity (at non-tower fields), and aircraft equipment operating procedures. Instructors may make summary notes in-flight for use in post-flight debriefings. These notes may be reviewed prior to the next lesson’s flight to reinforce instructional focus.
One in five study reports noted problems with communications equipment that contributed to the incident.

 The detection during preflight of aircraft equipment problems, especially with “renter installed” communications equipment such as intercoms and push-to-talk switches, can serve as a caution to delay the flight until qualified assistance can be found to ensure normal operation.

 Instructors may want to establish specific radio usage procedures to ensure that volume levels for ATC communications are louder than intercom volume levels, and that radio equipment is operating normally with periodic equipment tests (i.e., “radio checks”).

 To enable quick recognition of external communications problems (i.e., stuck mike or volume level misset), an instructor may minimize intracockpit communications, especially at controlled airports during pattern operations.
A large majority of all incidents involved non-compliance with ATC clearances, or other ATC-related infractions and violations.
　
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