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altitude left in which to pull out! That deep drag replaced precious oxygen in
his brain with carbon monoxide...and he passed out.
Briefl y...
􀁘When you breathe, you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
􀁘With each normal breath, you inhale about one-half liter of air, 20% of
which is oxygen.
􀁘At 18,000’ MSL, you have half the sea level air pressure; hence, only half
the oxygen.
􀁘Oxygen starvation first affects the brain; judgment is impaired, so you
may not know you are in trouble.
􀁘We all react differently to the effects of hypoxia. Only physiological
training can safely “break the code” for you.
Physiological training for pilots
The effects of hypoxia can be safely experienced under professional supervision
at the Civil Aeromedical Institute’s altitude chamber in Oklahoma City
and at 14 cooperating military installations throughout the U.S. If you would
like to attend a one-day physiological training course, ask your FAA Accident
Prevention Specialist for AC Form 3150-7.
You’ll learn to recognize your symptoms of hypoxia. It could mean the difference
between life and death.
Medical Facts for Pilots
Publication AM-400-90/2
(Revised May 2004)
Prepared by
Federal Aviation Administration
Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Aerospace Medical Education Division
To request copies of this brochure and others listed below, contact
FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Shipping Clerk, AAM-400
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
(405) 954-4831
Other Pilot Safety Brochures Available
Number Title
AM-400-94/2 Alcohol and Flying: A Deadly Combination
AM-400-95/2 Altitude Decompression Sickness
OK05-0270 Carbon Monoxide: A Deadly Threat
AM-400-03/2 Deep Vein Thrombosis and Travel
AM-400-98/3 Hearing and Noise in Aviation
AM-400-97/1 Introduction to Human Factors in Aviation
OK05-0005 Medications and Flying
AM-400-01/1 Physiological Training Courses for Civil Aviation Pilots
AM-400-98/2 Pilot Vision
AM-400-91/2 Seat Belts and Shoulder Harnesses
AM-400-95/1 Smoke!
AM-400-00/1 Spatial Disorientation: Visual Illusions
AM-400-03/1 Spatial Disorientation: Why You Shouldn’t Fly By the Seat of Your Pants
AM-400-05/1 Sunglasses for Pilots: Beyond the Image
To view these pilot and passenger safety brochures, visit the Federal Aviation Administration’s
Web Site
www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/
Physiological Training Classes for Pilots
If you are interested in taking a one-day aviation physiological training
course with altitude chamber and vertigo demonstrations or a one-day survival
course, learn about how to sign up for these courses that are offered at
14 locations across the U.S. by visiting this FAA Web site:
www.faa.gov/pilots/training/airman_education/aerospace_physiology/index.cfm
􀁰 􀁱

Currently, about 55% of the civilian pilots in the United States
must utilize some form of refractive correction to meet the vision
requirements for medical certifi cation. While spectacles are the most
common choice for aviators, recent studies show a growing number
of pilots have opted for refractive surgical procedures, which include
laser refractive surgery. The information in this brochure describes
the benefi ts as well as possible pitfalls laser refractive surgery offers
to those considering these procedures.
What is Refractive Error?
Refractive error prevents light rays from being brought to a single
focus on the retina resulting in reduced visual acuity. To see clearly,
refractive errors are most often corrected with ophthalmic lenses
(glasses, contact lenses). The three principal types of refractive
conditions are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Another
ophthalmic condition that also results in blurred near vision is called
presbyopia. Presbyopia is a progressive loss of accommodation
(decreased ability to focus at near distance due to physiological
changes in the eye’s crystalline lens) that normally occurs around 40
years of age. Bifocals or reading glasses are necessary to correct this
condition.
Myopia (nearsightedness, distant objects appear fuzzy) is a condition
in which light rays are focused in front of the retina. About 30% of
Americans are myopic.
Hyperopia (farsightedness, near objects appear fuzzy) is a condition
in which light rays are focused behind the retina. An estimated
40% of Americans are hyperopic. However, this number may not
be accurate. Young hyperopes (< 40 years), who can compensate
for their farsightedness with their ability to accommodate, are often
　
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