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authorized to engage in seaplane operations that would
require a commercial certificate. Likewise, a pilot with
a single-engine seaplane class rating may not fly multiengine
seaplanes without further training. However,
no regulatory distinction is made between flying boats
and seaplanes equipped with floats. [Figure 1-1]
SEAPLANE REGULATIONS
Because of the nature of seaplane operations, certain
regulations apply. Most of them are set forth in Title 14
Single-Engine Land
Single-Engine Sea
Multiengine
Land
Multiengine
Sea
Airplane
Class
Figure 1-1. Seaplane is a class.
Ch 01.qxd 10/25/04 1:42 PM Page 1-1
1-2
of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 1,
61, and 91.
Just as land-based pilots must understand airport operations,
the pilot certification requirements in 14 CFR
part 61 require seaplane pilots to know and use the
rules for seaplane base operations.
Specific regulations recognize the unique characteristics
of water operations. For example, 14 CFR part 61, section
61.31 takes into account that seaplanes seldom have
retractable landing gear as such, so an endorsement to
act as pilot in command of a complex seaplane requires
training in a seaplane with flaps and a controllable pitch
propeller. Likewise, in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.107,
there is an exception to the rule that everyone must have
a seat and wear a seatbelt during movement on the
surface. The person pushing off or mooring a seaplane
at a dock is authorized to move around while the
seaplane is in motion on the surface.
14 CFR PART 91, SECTION 91.115
RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES:WATER
OPERATIONS
The right-of-way rules for operation on water are
similar, but not identical, to the rules governing rightof-
way between aircraft in flight.
(a) General. Each person operating an aircraft on the
water shall, insofar as possible, keep clear of all
vessels and avoid impeding their navigation, and
shall give way to any vessel or other aircraft that
is given the right-of-way by any rule of this
section.
(b) Crossing. When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel,
are on crossing courses, the aircraft or vessel
to the other’s right has the right-of-way.
(c) Approaching head-on. When aircraft, or an aircraft
and a vessel, are approaching head-on, or
nearly so, each shall alter its course to the right to
keep well clear.
(d) Overtaking. Each aircraft or vessel that is being
overtaken has the right-of-way, and the one overtaking
shall alter course to keep well clear.
(e) Special circumstances. When aircraft, or an aircraft
and a vessel, approach so as to involve risk
of collision, each aircraft or vessel shall proceed
with careful regard to existing circumstances,
including the limitations of the respective craft.
RULES OF THE SEA
According to United States Coast Guard (USCG)
regulations, the definition of a vessel includes virtually
anything capable of being used for transportation
on water, including seaplanes on the water.
Therefore, any time a seaplane is operating on the
water, whether under power or not, it is required to
comply with USCG navigation rules applicable to vessels.
Simply adhering to 14 CFR part 91, section
91.115 should ensure compliance with the USCG
rules. Pilots are encouraged to obtain the USCG
Navigation Rules, International-Inland, M16672.2D,
available from the U.S. Government Printing Office.
These rules apply to all public or private vessels navigating
upon the high seas and certain inland waters.
INLAND AND INTERNATIONAL WATERS
Inland waters are divided visually from international
waters by buoys in areas with frequent ocean traffic.
Inland waters are inshore of a line approximately parallel
with the general trend of the shore, drawn through
the outermost buoy. The waters outside of the line are
international waters or the high seas.
Seaplanes operating inshore of the boundary line
dividing the high seas from the inland waters must
follow the established statutory Inland Rules (Pilot
Rules). Seaplanes navigating outside the boundary
line dividing the high seas from inland waters must
follow the International Rules of the Sea. All seaplanes
must carry a current copy of the rules when
operating in international waters.
UNITED STATES AIDS FOR MARINE
NAVIGATION
For safe operations, a pilot must be familiar with
seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine
navigation.
SEAPLANE LANDING AREAS
The familiar rotating beacon is used to identify lighted
　
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