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The shape of shorelines and hills influences wind
direction, and may cause significant variations from
one area to another. Do not assume that because the
wind is from a certain direction on this side of the lake
that it is from the same direction on the other side.
Except for glassy water, it is usually best to plan to land
on the smoothest water available. When a swell system
is superimposed on a second swell system, some of the
waves may reinforce each other, resulting in higher
waves, while other waves cancel each other out, leaving
smoother areas. Often it is possible to avoid the
larger waves and land on the smooth areas.
In seaplanes equipped with retractable landing gear
(amphibians), it is extremely important to make certain
that the wheels are retracted when landing on water.
Wherever possible, make a visual check of the wheels
themselves, in addition to checking the landing gear
position indicators. A wheels-down landing on water is
almost certain to capsize the seaplane, and is far more
serious than landing the seaplane on land with the
wheels up. Many experienced seaplane pilots make a
point of saying out loud to themselves before every
water landing, “This is a water landing, so the wheels
should be up.” Then they confirm that each wheel is up
using externally mounted mirrors and other visual indicators.
Likewise, they verbally confirm that the wheels
are down before every landing on land. The water rudders
are also retracted for landings.
When planning the landing approach, be aware that the
seaplane has a higher sink rate than its landplane counterpart
at the same airspeed and power setting. With
some practice, it becomes easy to land accurately on a
predetermined spot. Landing near unfamiliar shorelines
increases the possibility of encountering submerged
objects and debris.
Besides being safe, it is also very important for seaplane
pilots to make a conscious effort to avoid inflicting
unnecessary noise on other people in the area.
Being considerate of others can often mean the difference
between a warm welcome and the banning of
future seaplane activity in a particular location. The
actions of one pilot can result in the closing of a desirable
landing spot to all pilots. People with houses along
the shore of a lake usually include the quiet as one of
the reasons they chose to live there. Sometimes high
terrain around a lake or the local topography of a shoreline
can reflect and amplify sound, so that a seaplane
sounds louder than it would otherwise. A good practice
is to cross populated shorelines no lower than 1,000
feet AGL whenever feasible. To the extent possible
consistent with safety, avoid overflying houses during
the landing approach. If making a go-around, turn back
over the water for the climbout, and reduce power
slightly after attaining a safe altitude and airspeed. A
reduction of 200 r.p.m. makes a significant difference
in the amount of sound that reaches the ground.
LANDING
In water landings, the major objectives are to touch
down at the lowest speed possible, in the correct pitch
attitude, without side drift, and with full control
throughout the approach, landing, and transition to
taxiing.
The correct pitch attitude at touchdown in a landplane
varies between wide limits. For example, wheel landings
in an airplane with conventional-gear, require a
nearly flat pitch attitude, with virtually zero angle of
attack, while a full-stall landing on a short field might
call for a nose-high attitude. The touchdown attitude
for a seaplane typically is very close to the attitude for
taxiing on the step. The nose may be a few degrees
higher. The objective is to touch down on the steps,
Figure 6-2. The touchdown attitude for most seaplanes is almost the same as for taxiing on the step.
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6-3
contact the water in a nose-down attitude, driving the
float bows underwater and capsizing the seaplane.
Raising the flaps can help keep the seaplane firmly on
the water. To end the step taxi, close the throttle and
gradually apply full up elevator as the seaplane slows.
CROSSWIND LANDING
Landing directly into the wind might not be practical
due to water traffic in the area, obstructions on or
under the water, or a confined landing area, such as a
river or canal. In landing a seaplane with any degree of
crosswind component, the objectives are the same as
when landing a landplane: to minimize sideways drift
during touchdown and maintain directional control
afterward. Because floats have so much more side area
　
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