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structure into the airstream to
produce drag and slow the airplane.
SPEED INSTABILITY—
A condition in the region of reverse
command where a disturbance that
causes the airspeed to decrease causes
total drag to increase, which in turn,
causes the airspeed to decrease
further.
SPEED SENSE—The ability to
sense instantly and react to any
reasonable variation of airspeed.
SPIN—An aggravated stall that
results in what is termed an “autorotation”
wherein the airplane follows a
downward corkscrew path. As the airplane
rotates around the vertical axis,
the rising wing is less stalled than the
descending wing creating a rolling,
yawing, and pitching motion.
SPIRAL INSTABILITY—
A condition that exists when the static
directional stability of the airplane is
very strong as compared to the effect
of its dihedral in maintaining lateral
equilibrium.
SPIRALING SLIPSTREAM—The
slipstream of a propeller-driven
airplane rotates around the airplane.
This slipstream strikes the left side of
the vertical fin, causing the airplane to
yaw slightly. Vertical stabilizer offset
is sometimes used by aircraft designers
to counteract this tendency.
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STANDARD ATMOSPHERE—
At sea level, the standard atmosphere
consists of a barometric pressure of
29.92 inches of mercury (in. Hg.) or
1013.2 millibars, and a temperature of
15°C (59°F). Pressure and temperature
normally decrease as altitude
increases. The standard lapse rate in
the lower atmosphere for each 1,000
feet of altitude is approximately 1 in.
Hg. and 2°C (3.5°F). For example, the
standard pressure and temperature at
3,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) is
26.92 in. Hg. (29.92 - 3) and 9°C
(15°C - 6°C).
STANDARD DAY—
See STANDARD ATMOSPHERE.
STANDARD EMPTY WEIGHT
(GAMA)—This weight consists of
the airframe, engines, and all items of
operating equipment that have fixed
locations and are permanently
installed in the airplane; including
fixed ballast, hydraulic fluid, unusable
fuel, and full engine oil.
STANDARD WEIGHTS—These
have been established for numerous
items involved in weight and balance
computations. These weights should
not be used if actual weights are
available.
STANDARD-RATE TURN—A turn
at the rate of 3º per second which
enables the airplane to complete a
360º turn in 2 minutes.
STARTER/GENERATOR—
A combined unit used on turbine
engines. The device acts as a starter
for rotating the engine, and after
running, internal circuits are shifted to
convert the device into a generator.
STATIC STABILITY—The initial
tendency an aircraft displays when
disturbed from a state of equilibrium.
STATION—A location in the
airplane that is identified by a number
designating its distance in inches from
the datum. The datum is, therefore,
identified as station zero. An item
located at station +50 would have an
arm of 50 inches.
TAXIWAY LIGHTS—
Omnidirectional lights that outline the
edges of the taxiway and are blue in
color.
TAXIWAY TURNOFF LIGHTS—
Flush lights which emit a steady green
color.
TETRAHEDRON—
A large, triangular-shaped, kite-like
object installed near the runway.
Tetrahedrons are mounted on a pivot
and are free to swing with the wind to
show the pilot the direction of the
wind as an aid in takeoffs and
landings.
THROTTLE—The valve in a
carburetor or fuel control unit that
determines the amount of fuel-air
mixture that is fed to the engine.
THRUST LINE—An imaginary line
passing through the center of the
propeller hub, perpendicular to the
plane of the propeller rotation.
THRUST REVERSERS—Devices
which redirect the flow of jet exhaust
to reverse the direction of thrust.
THRUST—The force which imparts
a change in the velocity of a mass.
This force is measured in pounds but
has no element of time or rate. The
term, thrust required, is generally
associated with jet engines. A forward
force which propels the airplane
through the air.
TIMING—The application of
muscular coordination at the proper
instant to make flight, and all
maneuvers incident thereto, a constant
smooth process.
TIRE CORD—Woven metal wire
laminated into the tire to provide extra
　
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