(c)
Thetowingloads speci.edinparagraph(d)ofthis section mustbe reacted asfollows:
(1)
The side component of thetowing load atthe maingear mustbe reactedby a side force at the static ground line of the wheel to which the load is applied.
(2)
Thetowingloadsatthe auxiliarygearand thedrag componentsof thetowing loads at the main gear must be reacted as follows :
(i)
A reaction with a maximum value equal to the vertical reaction must be applied at the axle of the wheel to which the load is applied. Enough airplane inertia to achieve equilibrium must be applied.
(ii)
The loads must be reacted by airplane inertia.
(d)
Theprescribedtowingloads are asfollows, where W is thedesign maximum weight :
Amdt. 23-14, E.. 12/20/73
FAR23.511:[Groundload; unsymmetricalloads onmultiple-wheel units.]
(a)
[Pivoting loads. The airplane is assumed to pivot about on side on the main gear with–
(1)
The brakes on the pivoting unit locked; and
(2)
Loads corresponding to a limit vertical load factor of 1, and coe.cient of friction of 0.8, applied to the main gear and its supporting structure.
(b)
Unequal tire loads. The loads established under Secs. 23.471 through 23.483 must be appliedinturn,in a60/40percentdistribution,tothedual wheels and tiresin each dual wheel landing gear unit.
(c)
De.ated tire loads. For the de.ated tire condition-
(1) 60percent of theloadsestablished underSecs.23.471 through23.483 mustbe appliedinturnto each wheelin alandinggear unit; and
(2) 60percentof thelimitdrag and sideloads, and100percent ofthelimit vertical load established under Secs. 23.485 and 23.493 or lesser verticalload obtained under subparagraph(1) ofthisparagraph,mustbe appliedinturnto each wheel in the dual wheel landing gear unit.]
Amdt. 23-7, E.. 09/14/69
30.8 Water Loads
FAR 23.521 : Water load conditions.
(a)
The structure of seaplanes and amphibians must be designed for water loads deve-loped during takeo. and landing with the seaplane in any attitude likely to occur in normal operation at appropriate forward and sinking velocities under the most severe sea conditions likely to be encountered.
(b)
Unless the applicant makes a rational analysis of the water loads, Secs. 23.523 through 23.537 apply.
(c)
[[Removed.]]
Amdt. 23-48, E.. 03/11/96
FAR23.523:[Designweightsand centerofgravitypositions.]
(a)
[Design weights. The water load requirements must be met at each operating weight up tothedesignlanding weightexceptthat,forthetakeo. conditionprescribedin Sec.23.531,thedesign water takeo. weight(the maximum weightfor water taxi and takeo. run) must be used.
(b)
Center ofgravitypositions. The critical centers ofgravity within thelimitsfor which certi.cation is requested must be considered to reach maximum design loads for each part of the seaplane structure.]
Amdt. 23-45, E.. 09/07/93
FAR23.525 :[Application ofloads.]
(a)
[Unless otherwiseprescribed,the seaplane as a wholeis assumedtobe subjected to the loads corresponding to the load factors speci.ed in Sec. 23.527.
