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4.6 Verification of Separation and Resolution Advisories (VERA).
VERA is a tool to permanently monitor the predicted separation between two aircraft or an aircraft and a fixed point. The prediction is based on the present track state variables and is refreshed at every track update cycle(4.8 seconds). Deliberately no height is taken into account If the separation is predicted to become inferior to a certain minimum(present selection: 8 NM), it is shown to the controller from where onwards the infringement starts and all alternative turning options for both aircraft are provided.
Appendix 1: Tracker Benchmark Tests Benchmark Tests for Accuracy Measurements of a Tracking System A1 Radar Configuration
As depicted in Table 1, a set of eight conventional long-range radars were used to perform accuracy analysis of the MADAP RDPS.
Table 2 provides the necessary parameters for a realistic simulation of the radar noise and various probabilities of detection.
The parameters contained in Table 2 reflect the outcome of extensive radar evaluation campaigns.
Radar  Type  Latitude  Longitude  Height  Max  Rotation 
N  E  (ASL)  Range  Time 

(m)  (NM)  (Sec.) 

DHEL  S  52.55.28,8  4.46.38,7  23  176  6.0 
LEER  M/S  51.50.14,7  5.08.21,4  35  200  9.6 
BERT  M/S  50.52.27,3  4.37.05,5  120  140  12.0 
BOOS  B/B  54.00.17,8  10.02.46,8  140  150  10.8 
BREM  B/B  53.02.06,3  8.47.56,4  48  150  10.8 
DEIS  S  52.15.13,4  9.29.33,3  432  150  12.0 
LUED  B/B  51.16.06,0  7.37.51,7  547  150  10.8 
PFAL  B/B  49.19.06,0  7.51.51,6  633  150  10.8 
Legend :  S = M/S = B/B =  Single Radar Station. Main Standby Configuration. Back to Back Radar. 

Table 1. Radar Configuration for Tracking System Accuracy Measurements
Radar  Type  Sigma  Sigma  Pd  Pd  Pd 
Range  Azimuth  SSR  Prim  Mode C 

(m)  (deg)  (%)  (%)  (%) 
DHEL  S  77  0.14  96  n.a.  99 
LEER  M/S  66  0.13  98  93  98 
BERT  M/S  65  0.11  98  91  99 
BOOS  B/B  44  0.18  98  93  95 
BREM  B/B  56  0.18  95  93  98 
DEIS  S  76  0.13  97  94  95 
LUED  B/B  56  0.14  98  97  99 
PFAL  B/B  52  0.15  97  93  99 
Legend :  S = M/S = B/B =  Single Radar Station. Main Standby Configuration. Back to Back Radar. 

Table 2. Radar Plot Characteristics for Tracking System Accuracy Measurements
A2 Effective Coverage Factor
The accuracy measurements were obtained for the default effective coverage factor N=5, i.e. the system track was simultaneously updated with plot data from at maximum 5 radar stations.
A3 Simulated Traffic Scenarios
Table 3 provides the details of a set of sixteen "en-route" flights, with a moderate manoeuvre behaviour. Heading changes are performed with a banking angle of 25 degrees.
Table 4  defines a second group of flights which are constantly manoeuvring. Those flights perform an infinite iteration of a straight flight path of 20 nautical miles immediately followed by a turn of 175 degrees. The initial heading for all 16 flights is 0 degrees. The aircraft speeds vary from 240 up to 600 knots, whereas the banking angles applied vary from 15 to 60 degrees.
　
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