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With respect to ground operations, the FAA now changes its current practice of including post-flight ground operations for expendable launch vehicles in a launch license and thus as part of launch. Instead, ground operations are no longer part of launch once the vehicle leaves the ground. The FAA considered several options as to when ground operations were no longer considered part of a launch. Under the chosen option, ground operations would not be considered part of launch once the launch vehicle left the ground. Reentry activities aside, it has not been the FAA's experience that post-flight activities involve the same levels of public safety risk as pre-flight handling, integration and fueling of a vehicle. The FAA reviewed another option. Ground operations for launch could end with the end of launch in the context of flight, namely, when the last action occurs over which a licensee has direct or indirect control over the launch vehicle. This alternative would have allowed for at least part of the post-flight ground operations to be covered by the license. The end of launch for purposes of flight is not, however, related to activities on the ground. The FAA is concerned that attempting to create such a connection would be arbitrary and might inappropriately influence a licensee's post-flight ground operation procedures. The third option the FAA considered was to define the end of ground operations for launch as that point at which all personnel may resume operations at the launch pad and related environs. This approach recognized that hazardous operations do occur subsequent to ignition and lift off. These operations include such activities as securing ground propellant and pneumatic systems and inspecting the launch pad to verify that no post-flight hazards exist. With this option, ground operations would no longer have been part of launch when the launch pad and other launch related facilities no longer endangered personnel. Because, however, the hazards associated with ground operations subsequent to lift off are not related to the preparation of the vehicle for flight, the FAA defines the end of launch for purposes of ground operations as the point at which the launch vehicle leaves the ground. This analysis applies to expendable launch vehicles. For the time being, judgment is reserved with respect to reusable launch vehicles.
Formalizing Launch and Launch Operator Licenses
This rulemaking, through section 415.3, codifies the FAA practice of issuing two types of launch licenses, the launch-specific and the launch operator, and amends the duration of a launch operator license from two to five years. In order to enable the FAA to issue a license for a single mission or for multiple missions, the FAA’s licensing structure provides for two types of launch licenses, the launch-specific and the launch operator license. A launch specific license authorizes a licensee to conduct a single launch, or a specified number of identical launches, from a single launch site. The launch vehicle for each authorized launch must be the same and launch parameters must present no unique public safety issues or other issues affecting U.S. national interests. The licensee's authorization to conduct launches terminates upon completion of all launches authorized by the license or the expiration date set forth in the license, whichever comes first. A launch operator license authorizes a licensee to conduct launches from a specified launch site, using the same family of launch vehicles, carrying specified classes of payloads, within the range of launch parameters defined by the license.
Initially, the FAA’s launch operator license allowed a launch operator to conduct launches authorized by its license for a period of two years. Under the new section 415.3(b), a launch operator license authorizes the conduct of launches for five years from the date of issuance.
The option of issuing a launch operator license, as opposed to requiring a launch-specific license for every launch, provides advantages both to the licensee and to the FAA. Although the application preparation for and review of a launch operator license will be more extensive than for a launch specific license, use of this class of license will ultimately result in cost reductions and efficiency gains for licensees by reducing the number of applications that a company with an active launch schedule must submit, and that the FAA must review. The FAA's increase of the term of a launch operator license from the current practice of two years to five years reflects the FAA's experience with its licensees during the past few years. During that time, the FAA has encountered very few serious safety problems with launch operator licensees.
　
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本文鏈接地址：Commercial Space Transportation Licensing Regulations(15)