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airports,” Watt says.
Underpinning the EUROCONTROL drive for reduced
environmental impact is a set of indicators designed to provide
objective measures of network efficiency, greenhouse gas
emissions and noise load. “We’re working on the indicators in
co-operation with EUROCONTROL’s Performance Review Unit,
the Central Flow Management Unit and the Airspace, Network
Planning and Navigation Division,” says Watt. “No aircraft flies a
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perfect trajectory, and we want to be able to identify precisely
the ATM contribution to aircraft not flying the optimum route
between two city pairs.”
In its most recent report, EUROCONTROL’s independent
Performance Review Commission reported that, on any given
day, the European ATM networks operate at around 6 per cent
inefficiency. That is, for every 100 productive miles the airlines
fly they also cover another six that, in a perfect world, would not
be strictly necessary, at an annual cost of around a billion euros
to themselves – and a corresponding toll on the environment.
“Two per cent of the total is due to the need to deconflict
arriving and departing traffic in the airspace around airports,”
Watt explains. “Another 3 or 4 per cent is mainly attributable
to structural factors in the route network, including the need
to fly around airspace set aside for military use. Then the
airlines’ own flight planning adds another 1 or 2 per cent,
since their sophisticated cost models have to take into account
many other factors that also influence the route they prefer.
More direct routes provided by tactical air traffic control on
the day trim the total by about 1 per cent, resulting in an
average inefficiency of 6 per cent.”
The network efficiency indicators are being developed with
PAGODA, a system designed to extract information from the
EUROCONTROL data warehouse and process it with a series of
environmentally related applications.
“All partners in ATM can act to reduce the inefficiencies, but
first we have to give them the facts and figures,” comments
Watt. “We hope the indicators will give all players a better
understanding of how their decisions contribute to overall ATM
system inefficiency. At the same time the ATM community will
be able to check its own performance and strive for
continuous improvement.”
Watt does not claim, however, that EUROCONTROL has the
complete picture. Indeed, this work is only the start. “For
example, we have to understand better the commercial drivers
behind airspace users’ flight plans,” he says. “Also, ANSPs may
be providing routes that, on the face of it are indeed longer
than you would expect, but since these may help the aircraft
to avoid congested airspace, they end up flying more
efficiently and burning less fuel in the end. These are the sorts
of issues we have to get a handle on soon, because the
pressure on ATM to deliver a more efficient network is not
going to decrease. We see fuel costs and, potentially,
emissions trading as strong drivers of this pressure from the
airlines’ perspective.”
Watt’s hopes for ATM being seen to support the long-term
sustainability of European air transport rest on SESAR, the
European Commission/EUROCONTROL project for an ATM
Master Plan for 2008-2020. “We have been working with the
SESAR Consortium to get them to build more environmental
thinking into what they are doing,” he says. “We want all of
their contract deliverables to take the environment realistically
into account and put in place mitigation measures for the
entire life of the plan.”
The world at large sees emissions trading as one of the key
weapons in the struggle to curb greenhouse gases. Overall
European policy is driven by the European Commission and the
Member States, who are considering the possibility of
including aviation in their existing emissions trading scheme.
The EUROCONTROL Environment Domain is supporting this
effort, using PAGODA to estimate the environmental impact of
aviation in Europe in terms of fuel burned and greenhouse gas
emitted. “We can give them the data they need to decide on
things, such as the threshold at which an operator would
come into the scheme – by weight of aircraft, by geographical
scope of operation, or some other criterion,” says Watt.
EUROCONTROL has no doubt that ATM can contribute part
of the solution to the problem of environmental protection.
“We’re doing everything possible as an organisation to try to
　
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