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visual reference ahead.
Flying VMC on top of cloud in
single-engined machines is not
allowed because performance rules
require that, if an engine fails, you
must remain in sight of the surface,
and be able to carry out a safe forced
landing. DO NOT LOSE SIGHT
OF THE GROUND AT ALL IN
THE ARCTIC.
Over water
When crossing estuaries, it's a good
idea to see the other side before
leaving the side you're on, so you get
as little of the goldfish-bowl effect as
possible. Try also keeping sight of
the shoreline. Out of sight of land,
the visibility should be greater than
1500m by day and 5 km by night.
Landing Sites
In the UK, aircraft below 2730 kg
MAUW don't need a licensed
aerodrome, provided the flights do
not begin and end at the same place,
take place at night, are not for
training or are not regular services.
Otherwise, licensed aerodromes
must be used for scheduled services
and training.
Also, in UK, the owner of a piece of
land does not need special
permission to use it as a Helicopter
Landing Site provided certain
conditions are met. Naturally, it
must not be in a congested area,
otherwise you will come up against
the ANO. It must also be only for
private or business use, that of any
employees, or people specifically
visiting for social or business
purposes. Finally, no structure must
be erected in connection with its use
for helicopters, aside from
92 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook
temporary ones (such as windsocks),
otherwise the Planning Permission
(Zoning) people will become
interested—there's no need to notify
them of anything unless the land is
to be used as a helipad on more than
28 days in any year. In fact, current
planning regulations allow a
helicopter to be used for personal,
business and leisure uses “as many
people use a private car” from the
owner’s dwelling house without
limitation, making it exempt from
planning control, provided the use is
incidental, or ancillary to, the
principal use of the land. Also, the
local police should be informed, as
well as the other emergency services,
especially where the public would
normally have a right-of-way (such
as a park).
In the USA, and probably Canada,
you can land a helicopter anywhere
that has not been declared as illegal,
with the usual provisos about low
flying and reckless operation, but be
aware that local restrictions may well
override any laid down by the FAA
or Transport Canada.
However, making more than four
movements at a place in a relatively
short time (a movement is a take-off
or a landing) makes it a 'feeder site',
and subject to strict standards—
relevant if you're performing shuttle
flights at a special event, such as
Epsom races, or the Grand Prix.
Pleasure Flying and Feeder Sites are
considered elsewhere.
Sites should allow you to make
emergency landings without danger
to persons or property on the
surface, or significant risk to the
helicopter and its occupants. An
alternate site for a twin should meet
single-engined requirements.
Performance Group A (JAR Class 1)
helicopters need enough take-off
space for the weight to be carried,
and take-off, landing and reject areas
must be prepared surfaces on which
you must be able to land safely
before the CDP (see Twins), or
continue to an alternative afterwards.
You must be able to land safely on
the planned area after LDP. Group
A (Restricted) (JAR Class 2)
machines may have to make a forced
landing before CDP or after LDP.
For A (Restricted) and B, a prepared
surface is not required, but there
must be somewhere to land in the
event of a reject that will cause no
risk to third parties.
The type of takeoff will depend on
the size of the area. Class 1 takeoff
techniques should be used when the
area is restricted, and clear climbout
paths should be available (see Twins).
They should also be used from
elevated sites without obstructions
so you can land back on the site if an
engine fails before the Critical
Decision Point, or make a dive to
pick up speed.
The following criteria should apply
to all unlicensed sites, which are
technical requirements that do not
necessarily allow for low flying rules.
A congested area is one
"substantially used for recreational
and residential purposes", etc., which
　
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本文鏈接地址：The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook(61)