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Risk Elements—The four components
of a flight that make up the
overall situation.
NTSB—National Transportation
Safety Board.
landing areas, and surrounding obstacles. Weather is
one element that can change drastically over time and
distance. Imagine you are ferrying a helicopter cross
country and encounter unexpected low clouds and rain
in an area of rising terrain. Do you try to stay under
them and “scud run,” or turn around, stay in the clear,
and obtain current weather information?
Operation—The interaction between you as the pilot,
your aircraft, and the environment is greatly influenced
by the purpose of each flight operation. You must evaluate
the three previous areas to decide on the desirability
of undertaking or continuing the flight as planned. It
is worth asking yourself why the flight is being made,
how critical is it to maintain the schedule, and is the
trip worth the risks? For instance, you are tasked to take
some technicians into rugged mountains for a routine
survey, and the weather is marginal. Would it be preferable
to wait for better conditions to ensure a safe flight?
How would the priorities change if you were tasked to
search for cross-country skiers who had become lost in
deep snow and radioed for help?
ASSESSING RISK
Examining NTSB reports and other accident research
can help you to assess risk more effectively. For example,
the accident rate decreases by nearly 50 percent once
a pilot obtains 100 hours, and continues to decrease until
the 1,000 hour level. The data suggest that for the first
500 hours, pilots flying VFR at night should establish
higher personal limitations than are required by the regulations
and, if applicable, apply instrument flying skills
in this environment. [Figure 14-4]
Studies also indicate the types of flight activities that
are most likely to result in the most serious accidents.
The majority of fatal general aviation accident causes
fall under the categories of maneuvering flight,
approaches, takeoff/initial climb, and weather. Delving
deeper into accident statistics can provide some important
details that can help you to understand the risks
involved with specific flying situations. For example,
maneuvering flight is one of the largest single produc-
Figure 14-3. When situationally aware, you have an overview of the total operation and are not fixated on one perceived significant
factor.
RISK ELEMENTS
Pilot Aircraft Environment Operation
Factors, such as weather,
airport conditions, and the
availability of air traffic control
services must be examined.
The aircraft's performance,
limitations, equipment, and
airworthiness must be determined.
The pilot's fitness to fly must
be evaluated including
competency in the aircraft,
currency, and flight experience.
To maintain situational awareness, an accurate perception must be
attained of how the pilot, aircraft, environment, and operation
combine to affect the flight.
Situation
The purpose of the flight is a
factor which influences the
pilot's decision on undertaking
or continuing the flight.
14-5
ers of fatal accidents. Fatal accidents, which occur
during approach, often happen at night or in IFR conditions.
Takeoff/initial climb accidents frequently are due
to the pilot’s lack of awareness of the effects of density
altitude on aircraft performance or other improper takeoff
planning resulting in loss of control during, or
shortly after takeoff. The majority of weather-related
accidents occur after attempted VFR flight into IFR
conditions.
FACTORS AFFECTING DECISION
MAKING
It is important to point out the fact that being familiar
with the decision-making process does not ensure that
you will have the good judgment to be a safe pilot. The
ability to make effective decisions as pilot in
command depends on a number of factors. Some
circumstances, such as the time available to make a
decision, may be beyond your control. However, you
can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed,
and learn skills to improve decision-making
ability and judgment.
PILOT SELF-ASSESSMENT
The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible
for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of
that aircraft. In order to effectively exercise that responsibility
and make effective decisions regarding the
outcome of a flight, you must have an understanding of
your limitations. Your performance during a flight is
affected by many factors, such as health, recency of
　
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