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have to resume manual control of the helicopter. How
much your workload increases, depends on which
servo fails. If a cyclic servo fails, you may want to land
immediately as the workload increases tremendously.
If an antitorque or collective servo fails, you might be
able to continue to the next suitable landing site.
INSTRUMENT TAKEOFF
This maneuver should only be performed as part of
your training for an instrument rating. The procedures
and techniques described here should be modified, as
necessary, to conform with those set forth in the operating
instructions for the particular helicopter being
flown.
Adjust the miniature aircraft in the attitude indicator,
as appropriate, for the aircraft being flown. After the
helicopter is aligned with the runway or takeoff pad, to
prevent forward movement of a helicopter equipped
with a wheel-type landing gear, set the parking brake
or apply the toe brakes. If the parking brake is used, it
must be unlocked after the takeoff has been completed.
Apply sufficient friction to the collective pitch control to
minimize overcontrolling and to prevent creeping.
Excessive friction should be avoided since this limits
collective pitch movement.
After checking all instruments for proper indications,
start the takeoff by applying collective pitch and a predetermined
power setting. Add power smoothly and
steadily to gain airspeed and altitude simultaneously and
to prevent settling to the ground. As power is applied and
the helicopter becomes airborne, use the antitorque pedals
initially to maintain the desired heading. At the same
time, apply forward cyclic to begin accelerating to
climbing airspeed. During the initial acceleration, the
pitch attitude of the helicopter, as read on the attitude
indicator, should be one to two bar widths low. The primary
and supporting instruments after becoming airborne
are illustrated in figure 12-22. As the airspeed increases
40
50 60 70
80
90
100
110
0 120
10
20
30
TORQUE
PERCENT

 Primary

Power

 

Primary Pitch

Supporting Bank
Supporting Pitch
Supporting Bank
Supporting Pitch
Primary Bank Supporting Pitch
Figure 12-22. Flight instrument indications during an instrument takeoff.
12-20
to the appropriate climb airspeed, adjust pitch gradually
to climb attitude. As climb airspeed is reached, reduce
power to the climb power setting and transition to a fully
coordinated straight climb.
During the initial climbout, minor heading corrections
should be made with pedals only until sufficient
airspeed is attained to transition to fully
coordinated flight. Throughout the instrument takeoff,
instrument cross-check and interpretations must
be rapid and accurate, and aircraft control positive
and smooth.
COMMON ERRORS DURING INSTRUMENT
TAKEOFFS
1. Failure to maintain heading.
2. Overcontrolling pedals.
3. Failure to use required power.
4. Failure to adjust pitch attitude as climbing airspeed
is reached.
13-1
Flying at night can be a very pleasant experience. The
air is generally cooler and smoother, resulting in better
helicopter performance and a more comfortable flight.
You generally also experience less traffic and less radio
congestion.
NIGHT FLIGHT PHYSIOLOGY
Before discussing night operations, it is important you
understand how your vision is affected at night and
how to counteract the visual illusions, which you might
encounter.
VISION IN FLIGHT
Vision is by far the most important sense that you
have, and flying is obviously impossible without it.
Most of the things you perceive while flying are
visual or heavily supplemented by vision. The visual
sense is especially important in collision avoidance
and depth perception. Your vision sensors are your
eyes, even though they are not perfect in the way they
function or see objects. Since your eyes are not
always able to see all things at all times, illusions and
blindspots occur. The more you understand the eye
and how it functions, the easier it is to compensate for
these illusions and blindspots.
THE EYE
The eye works in much the same way as a camera. Both
have an aperture, lens, method of focusing, and a surface
for registering images. [Figure 13-1].
Vision is primarily the result of light striking a photosensitive
layer, called the retina, at the back of the eye.
The retina is composed of light-sensitive cones and
rods. The cones in your eye perceive an image best
　
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