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and mitigate errors? LOSA should help us identify the strengths and weaknesses of our crew procedures,
and with that information, management is committed to making necessary changes to continually improve
the way that we do business.
In short, we’re doing a LOSA so that we can improve the system to better support you. After the audit is
completed, we’re committed to telling you how it went, and how we plan to make improvements.
B-2 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA)
In addition to using US Airways pilots as LOSA observers, we will also use three observers from UT Human
Factors Research Program. These gentlemen are very experienced LOSA observers, having worked with the
UT program for many years. They are John Bell, Roy Butler and James Klinect, and their credentials can
be verified by your requesting that they present a copy of their FAA jumpseat authorization.
Please extend your usual professional courtesies to the LOSA observation team, and thank you for your
unfailing cooperation.
Sincerely,
Captain Ed Bular
Senior Director, Flight Operations
Captain Ron Schilling
Director, Flight Training and Standards
Captain Pete Eichenlaub
Director, Flight Safety and Quality Assurance
Captain Terry McVenes
Chairman, ALPA Central Air Safety Committee
C-1
Appendix C
LIST OF RECOMMENDED READING AND
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Amalberti, R. La conduite de systèmes a risques. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1996.
Flin, R. and L. Martin. “Behavioural markers for crew resource management.” Civil Aviation Authority Paper
98005. London: University of Aberdeen, 1998.
Harle, P. G. “Organizational and Management Factors: A Case Study.” In International Civil Aviation
Organization (Ed.), Report of the Seventh ICAO Flight Safety and Human Factors Regional Seminar, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia, 18–21 October 1994. Montreal, Canada, 1994, pp. 75–86.
Helmreich, R. L., R. E. Butler, W. R. Taggart and J. A. Wilhelm. “Behavioral markers in accidents and
incidents: Reference list.” NASA/UT/FAA Technical Report 95-1. Austin, Texas: The University of Texas at
Austin, 1995.
Helmreich, R. L. and H. C. Foushee. “Why Crew Resource Management? Empirical and Theoretical Bases
of Human Factors Training in Aviation.” In E. Wiener, B. Kanki and R. Helmreich (Eds.), Cockpit Resource
Management. San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1993, pp. 3–45.
Helmreich, R. L., J. R. Klinect and J. A. Wilhelm. “Models of Event, error, and response in flight operations.”
In R. S. Jensen (Ed.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Columbus,
Ohio: The Ohio State University, 1999, pp. 124–129.
Helmreich, R. L. and A. C. Merritt. Culture at Work in Aviation and Medicine: National, Organizational,
and Professional Influences. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing, 1998.
Helmreich, R. L., A. C. Merritt, and J. A. Wilhelm. “The evolution of Crew Resource Management training
in commercial aviation.” International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 9(1) (1999): 19–32.
Helmreich, R. L. and J. A. Wilhelm. “Outcomes of Crew Resource Management training.” International
Journal of Aviation Psychology, 1(4) (1991): 287–300.
Helmreich, R. L., J. A. Wilhelm, J. R. Klinect and A. C. Merritt. “Culture, error, and Crew Resource
Management.” In E. Salas, C. A. Bowers, and E. Edens (Eds.), Applying resource management in
organizations: A guide for professionals. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum (In press).
International Civil Aviation Organization. Human Factors Digest No. 10 — Human Factors, Management
and Organization (Circular 247). Montreal, Canada, 1993.
Johnston, A. N. “Blame, Punishment and Risk Management.” In C. Hood, D. Jones, N. Pidgeon and B. Turner
(Eds.), Accident and Design. London, U.K.: University College Press, 1996, pp. 72–83.
C-2 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA)
Klein, G. A, J. Orasanu, R. Calderwood and C. E. Zsambok. Decision making in action: Models and methods.
Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1993.
Klinect, J. R., J. A. Wilhelm and R. L. Helmreich. “Event and Error Management: Data from Line Operations
Safety Audits.” In Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. The Ohio State
University, 1999, pp. 130–136.
Law, J. R., and J. A. Wilhelm. “Ratings of CRM skill markers in domestic and international operations: A
first look.” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Columbus, Ohio:
The Ohio State University, 1995.
Maurino, D. E, J. Reason, A. N. Johnston and R. Lee. Beyond Aviation Human Factors. Hants, England:
　
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