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LLZ Localizer
MAPt Missed approach point
MDA Minimum Descent Altitude
NDB Non-directional beacon
NPA Non-precision approach
OLS Obstacle limitation surface
PA Precision approach
PANS-OPS Procedures for Air Navigation ICAO Doc 8168
PAPI Precision approach path indicator
RNAV Area Navigation
TSO Technical Standard Order
T-VASIS “T” Visual approach slope indicator system
VAA-H Visual approach area-helicopter
VHF Very high frequency
VNAV Vertical navigation
VOR VHF Omni directional radio range
1.1 RELEVANT DOCUMENTS
Aeronautical Information Publication Australia
AIP ENR Section 1.5 contains the rules and procedures for instrument approach procedures including non-precision approach procedures.  
ICAO Procedures for Air Navigation — Air Operations, DOC 8168-OPS/611 
This document is commonly referred to as PANS-OPS and contains the criteria used in the design of instrument approaches in Australia.  Volume I – Flight Procedures is published for the information of pilots and aircraft operators.  Volume II is intended for use by persons engaged in the design of instrument flight procedures.
CASR Part 173 Instrument Flight Procedure Design Manual of Standards (MOS)
CASR Part 173 regulates the design of instrument flight procedures.  Additional rules for the design of instrument procedures are contained in the CASR Part 173 MOS in cases where rules differ from or are additional to those contained in PANS-OPS. 
 CASR Part 139 Aerodromes
The standards for aerodromes that are serviced by NPAs are contained in CASR Part 139 MOS.
1.  Introduction

2.1 WHAT IS A NON-PRECISION APPROACH?
The term NPA has been traditionally  used to describe an instrument approach procedure other than a precision approach.  Precision approach systems currently in general use are ILS (Instrument Landing System) and MLS (Microwave Landing System).  
An NPA is characterized by a Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA), a Missed Approach Point (MAPt) and a lack of electronic vertical course guidance, and may use any of a number of navigation systems for course guidance including NDB, VOR, LLZ or RNAV.
NPAs are designed to permit safe descent to a Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA), and further descent must not be made unless the pilot is able to proceed visually.  Unlike a Decision Altitude (DA) associated with a precision approach, where loss of height during the initial stage of a missed approach is taken into account, obstacle clearance is not assured if descent below the MDA occurs, and pilots need to ensure that descent is arrested prior to reaching the MDA.
Non-precision approaches terminate in a visual segment that may provide for:
. a “straight-in” landing, or 

. a circling approach that requires manoeuvring to align the aircraft with the landing runway, or
　
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本文鏈接地址：非精密進近 Non-Precision Approaches Civil Aviation Advisory Publication October 2004 CAAP 178-1(1)(2)