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(C2)
82
MS
SS
a n trans pilot
trans pilot
/
/
( )( )
=
-1 -1
(C3)
SS
b
C SS SS
trans pilot
Y
trans pilot
j i k
ijk
/ =
æ
è ç
ö
ø ÷
- - -
å å å
2
(C4)
where
SS
nb
trans C
Y
j i k
ijk
=
æ
è ç
ö
ø ÷
-
å å å
2
(C5)
and for Task 1 in the Yaw experiment:
SS
ab
pilot C
Y
i j k
ijk
=
æ
è ç
ö
ø ÷
-
å å å
2
(C6)
C
abn
i j k
Yijk
=
æ
è ç
ö
ø ÷
å å å
2
(C7)
i
j
= =
= =
1 6
0 1
,...,
,
pilot
translational configuration (off or on)
k = 0,1 = rotational configuration (off or on)
a = 2 = number of lateral configurations
b = 2 = number of rotational configurations
n = 6 = number of pilots
Using the values from table C1, then the equations
become
C= = ( . )
( )( )( )
.
40 92
2 2 6
69 77
2
(C8)
SSpilot =
+ +
+ + +
é
ë
êê
ù
û
úú
- =
( . ) ( . ) ( . )
( . ) ( . ) ( . )
( )( )
. .
8 42 4 75 4 50
12 00 5 25 6 00
2 2
69 77 10 55
2 2 2
2 2 2
(C9)
SStrans = + - = ( . ) ( . )
( )( )
. .
26 17 14 75
6 2
69 77 5 43
2 2
(C10)
SStrans / pilot
( . ) ( . ) ( . )
( . ) ( . ) ( . )
( . ) ( . ) ( . )
( . ) ( . ) ( . )
. .
=
+ +
+ + +
é
ë
êê
ù
û
úú
+
+ +
+ + +
é
ë
êê
ù
û
úú
- - -
4 92 4 00 2 50
6 00 5 00 3 75
2
3 50 0 75 2 00
6 00 0 25 2 25
2
69 77 5 43 10
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
.55 = 3.98
(C11)
MStrans / pilot
.
( )( )
= = . 3 98
1 5
0 796 (C12)
MStrans= = 5 43
1
5 43
.
( )
. (C13)
F= = 5 43
0 796
6 82
.
.
. (C14)
Statistically, the F-ratio is the distribution of the ratio of
two independently distributed chi-squares each divided by
their degrees of freedom. The degrees of freedom are the
number of independent observations that were summed in
obtaining the chi-square distribution. For the above
F-ratio example, the numerator and denominator have
(a – 1 = 1) and (n – 1 = 5) degrees of freedom, respectively.
The resulting F-ratio, for these degrees-of-freedom,
is then be compared against tabulated critical regions to
determine if it is large enough to be considered significant.
If the F-ratio is large enough, then the effect of the
experimental factor is said to be significant. Otherwise,
the differences may be due to random error. In the
example, an F = 6.82 means there are 4.7 chances in 100
that the differences would occur randomly. These low odds
suggest that turning translational motion on and off is
affecting the results.
83
Appendix D—Review of Cooper-
Harper Handling Qualities Rating
Scale
The term “handling qualities” is defined as “those qualities
or characteristics of an aircraft that govern the ease and
precision with which a pilot is able to perform the tasks
required in support of an aircraft role” (ref. 53). The
subjective scale that has become the worldwide standard
for measuring handling qualities is the Cooper-Harper
Handling Qualities Rating Scale (ref. 53), which is shown
in figure D1.
After completing a flying task, the pilot assigns a
numerical rating by proceeding through the decision tree
on the left-hand side of the scale. The decision tree
separates the handling qualities into four categories:
(1) satisfactory (rating<3.5), (2) unsatisfactory but
tolerable (3.5 < rating < 6.5), (3) unacceptable (6.5 <
rating < 9.5), and (4) uncontrollable (9.5 < rating). The
first three categories are referred to as Level 1, Level 2,
　
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