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in a separate cassette box, which also serves as the
launcher. To fly an MAV, the user simply connects the
GCU to the launch cassette with a cord, aims the box to
the sky, and presses the launch button on the pilot's
controller.
Conclusions
The Black Widow MAV program has been quite
successful in proving that a 6-inch aircraft is not only
feasible, but that it can perform useful missions that
were previously deemed impossible. Additionally, the
Micro Air Vehicle concept has opened the doors to
many new avenues of research in the fields of
aerodynamics, propulsion, stability and control,
multidisciplinary design optimization, microelectronics,
and artificial intelligence. Some of the specific
conclusions resulting from the Black Widow
development are:
· A direct drive propulsion system appears to be
more efficient than a geared propulsion system
at the MAV scale.
· Propeller efficiencies of 80% or greater are
possible at the MAV scale.
· Motor efficiencies of 70% or greater are
possible at the MAV scale.
· An electric propulsion system appears to be
the simplest, cheapest, stealthiest, and most
reliable option with today's technology.
· The Multidisciplinary Design Optimization
methodology is essential to maximize the
efficiency of the entire MAV propulsion
system.
· The propulsion system efficiency is the key
parameter in maximizing the endurance of an
MAV.
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
9
· Since the structural weight of an MAV does
not vary significantly with configuration
variations, the structures subsystem is weakly
coupled to the other aircraft subsystems at the
MAV scale.
· It is possible to build a basic avionics suite
with data logging capability at the MAV scale.
· A color video camera with downlink
transmitter can be built with a mass of about 3
grams using current technology.
· A 6-inch span, electric MAV is capable of
downlinking live color video from a range of
1.8 km, with an endurance of 30 minutes, and
a vehicle mass of 80 grams.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the DARPA Tactical
Technology Office, under contract DAAH01-98-CR084.
The authors would like to express thanks to the
rest of the Micro Air Vehicle team at AeroVironment
for their tremendous contributions to this project. The
team includes Alex Andriukov, Ken Carbine, Craig
Foxgord, Dave Ganzer, Mark Levoe, Les Littlefield,
Scott Newbern, Stuart Sechrist, and Carrie Sundra.
References
1 Hundley, Richard O., and Gritton, Eugene C.,
"Future Technology-Driven Revolutions in
Military Operations," RAND Corporation,
Document No. DB-110-ARPA, 1994.
2 Davis, W.R., "Micro UAV," Presentation to 23rd
AUVSI Symposium, July 15-19, 1996.

　
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