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achieved, and specific functions have been
demonstrated in real airport environments.
ENHANCED EFFICIENCY
AT AIRPORTS
A
The Advanced Surface
Movement Guidance and Control
System (A-SMGCS)13
Two important research projects have
dealt with the concept of integrated
management of airport ground
movements, demonstrating and testing
prototype solutions.
A demonstrator system for A-SMGCS
has been implemented at four
European airports, featuring the first
large-scale demonstrator at
Cologne/Bonn airport.The system
architecture was designed to be
modular and open.This can be used as
a guideline by follow-on projects and
for the realisation of a large-scale
A-SMGCS implementation.
Moreover, the advantages gained
by data exchange during the trials
motivated airports to enhance the
integration of existing systems.
Four areas were suggested for further
investigation or improvement:
surveillance, control, guidance
and planning.
A more complex approach has been to
integrate an A-SMGCS prototype with a
cockpit simulator and a tower simulator,
both backed by several datalinks
providing all relevant information
for live simulation, in order to address
the human/machine interface aspects
of such a system.
The simulations with the A-SMGCS
platform were performed at Amsterdam-
Schiphol and London-Heathrow airports,
with remote connection to an aircraft
simulator at Bedford (UK) and a tower
simulator at Braunschweig (Germany).
The evaluation of these trials generated
a variety of ideas for better simulation
tools from potential end users, such as
air traffic controllers and pilots.
The benefits and technical feasibility of
an A-SMGCS multi-site, real-time,
man-in-the-loop simulation platform
has been underlined, in particular
highlighting how to make best use of
expensive simulation components that
are typically scattered across several
European research facilities.
SINGLE EUROPEAN SKY
14 15
CHANGING
WORKING ENVIRONMENTS
he extraordinary growth of air
transport has potential consequences
for safety, requiring improvements
in both the technical and operational
aspects of Air Traffic Management (ATM).
This means that the role of the human in
conjunction with advanced automation has
to be investigated. In addition, passenger
survivability and human factors in flight
operations have to be considered.
Preparing the human operator to
cope with future ATM concepts
At present, all Air Traffic Management (ATM)
responsibilities rest with the last human
element in the responsibility chain, i.e.
the controllers.This is a strong and well
understandable reason for the reluctance of
controllers to accept a new ATM system, in
particular when they can no longer depend
only on their own judgement or on the
proof of what happened (e.g. via legal
recording).This reduces their ability to
control various traffic situations, whilst at
the same time demands on them increase
with traffic growth.This development
presents a major challenge for the controllers.
In-depth studies have looked at
the differing perceptions of the amount
of detail required for ATM certification
across Europe, compared certification
practices with those in other risk-critical
domains, such as shipping, and analysed
specific ATM certification problems.
The human operator's performance in
terms of ATM safety was assessed by
means of stochastic models.
A case study was performed on
the safety impacts of advanced
automation equipment in order to
relate performance settings on
automated sub-systems to overall safety
design targets.
The outcome has been a consolidated
ATM certification framework that allows
for effective safety management.
The three main components are:

an improved ATM safety certification
framework for use by the various
commercial actors;

guidelines for change control in safetyrelevant
ATM systems for controllers
and pilots; and

guidelines for the safety validation of
automated ATM systems by
manufacturers of those components.
The human role in advanced ATM systems14
T
© Airbus
The transition from conventional
aircraft cockpits to state-of-the-art
"glass cockpits", featuring few large
displays and various digital controls,will
have to take into account human factor
standards, which have not been
adequately addressed in training
　
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