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identify retraining; and
(B) Be used to improve the CRM training system.
Amalberti 22
The NOTECHS project
THE NOTECHS PROJECT
1997-1998
– Sponsored by 4 CAAs
[NL,D,UK,&F], and DGVII
– Basic design and development
NLR (J.van Avermaete, E. Kuriijsen,
H. Nijhuis + KLM Pilots), project leader
DLR ( K-M Goeters, H-J. Hormann)
Aberdeen University (R. Flin,
L. Martin)
IMASSA (R. Amalberti & C. Valot)
“Non-technical skills refer to a pilot’s attitudes and behaviours in the
cockpit not directly related to aircraft control, system management,
technical consequences and standard operating procedures.”
THE JARTEL PROJECT
1999-2001
– Sponsored by DGTREN
– Validation & benchmarking
Same teams
NLR (J.van Avermaete, E. Kuriijsen, H. Nijhuis + KLM
Pilots)
DLR ( K-M Goeters, H-J. Hormann)
Aberdeen University (R. Flin, L. Martin)
IMASSA (R. Amalberti & C. Valot)
Plus
British Airways
Alitalia
Airbus
DERA
Sofreavia (project leader)
Amalberti 23
NOTECHS
Principles for system design and operation
FOUR PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGN
Maximum mutual exclusivity for categories and elements
Rule of parsimony - minimalist approach
Everyday terminology
Skills directly observable or inferred from other behaviours (communication)
FOUR PRINCIPLES FOR OPERATIONS, designed to ensure that each crewmember receives
as fair and as objective an assessment as possible.
Only observable behaviour is to be assessed
The evaluation must exclude reference to a crewmember’s personality or emotional attitude and should be
based only on observable behaviour. Behavioural markers were designed to support an objective
judgement.
Need for technical consequence
For NTS to be rated as unacceptable, flight safety must be actually (or potentially|) compromised. Thus
demanding a related objective technical consequence.
Repetition required
Repetition of unacceptable behaviour during the check must be observed to conclude that there is a
significant problem. If, according to the JAR-paragraph concerned, the nature of a technical failure allows
for a second attempt, this should be granted, regardless of the NTS rating.
Explanation required
For each Category rated as unacceptable the examiner must:
Indicate the Element(s) in that Category where the unacceptable behaviour was
observed.
b. Explain where the observed NTS (potentially) led to safety consequences.
Give a free-text explanation on each of the Categories rated unacceptable, using standard
phraseology.
Amalberti 24
The NOTECHS framework
Situation
Co-operation awareness Decision
making
Non-technical skills
Team building
& maintaining
Supporting
others
Conflict
solving
Leadership &
management skills
Considering
others
Helps other crew members in demanding
situations
Offers assistance
Category
Element
Behaviour
Amalberti 25
Category:
Situation Awareness
Elements
Environmental
System Awareness Anticipation
Awareness
- Monitors and
reports
changes in
systems states
- Acknowledges
entries and
changes to
systems
- Collects
information about
the environment
- Contacts outside
resources when
necessary
- Shares
information about
the environment
with others
- Discusses
contingency
strategies
- Identifies
possible/future
problems
Behaviours
Framework: Elements & Behaviours for Category
- Situation Awareness
Amalberti 26
Conclusion
Significant changes in the past decade
Extension to Cabin crew, Maintenance, etc, in
progress
Remaining problems for success
Ends : Adhere to procedure Vs teach adaptation
Cost and fragility : what about HF training courses after
the initial burst of enthusiasm ?
Means : who should be the instructors ? (good recent UK
contribution)
Evaluation : Can we design HF training without evaluation?
June 10-11, 2008 Berlin, Germany
Data Capture in IBM WebSphere
Premises Server™
Aldo Eisma, IBM
2
IBM Sensor and Actuator Solutions
SOA Foundation
Sensors
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