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Consider this airplane:
Airplane empty weight and EWCG .......1,340 lbs @ +37.0
Maximum gross weight ......................................... 2,300 lbs
CG limits ..................................................... +35.6 to +43.2
Front seats (2) ................................................................. +35
Rear seats (2) ................................................................... +72
Fuel ................................................................. 40 gal @ +48
Baggage (maximum) .......................................60 lbs@ +92
Figure 2-15. Loading diagram for a typical single-engine
airplane.
The pilot has prepared a chart, Figure 2-16, with certain
permanent data filled in and blanks left to be filled in with
information on this particular flight:
Figure 2-16. Blank loading chart.
For this flight, the 140-pound pilot and a 115-pound
passenger are to occupy the front seats, and a 212-pound and
a 97-pound passenger are in the rear seats. There will be 50
pounds of baggage, and the flight is to have maximum range,
so maximum fuel is carried. The loading chart, Figure 2-
17, is filled in using the information from Figure 2-15:
Figure 2-17. This completed loading chart shows the weight is
within limits, but the CG is too far aft.
CG limits (GAMA): The extreme
center of gravity locations within
which the airplane must be operated
at a given weight.
2–7
With this loading, the total weight is less than the maximum
of 2,300 pounds and is within limits, but the CG is 0.9 inch
too far aft.
One possible solution would be to trade places between the
212-pound rear-seat passenger and the 115-pound front-seat
passenger. Use a modification of the basic weight and
balance equation to determine the amount the CG will
change when the passengers swap seats:
Weight and Balance Documentation
FAA-Furnished Information
Before an aircraft can be properly weighed and its emptyweight
center of gravity computed, certain information must
be known. This information is furnished by the FAA for every
certificated aircraft in the Type Certificate Data Sheets
(TCDS) or Aircraft Specifications available to all AMTs and
can be accessed via the internet: http://av-info.gov/tc.
When the design of an aircraft is approved by the FAA, an
Approved Type Certificate and TCDS are issued. The TCDS
include all of the pertinent specifications for the aircraft, and
at each annual or 100-hour inspection, it is the responsibility
of the inspecting AMT to ensure that the aircraft adheres to
them. See Pages 2-8 through 2-10, Figure 2-19, for an example
TCDS excerpt.
The weight and balance information on a TCDS includes the
following items.
Data Pertinent to Individual Models
This type of information is determined in the sections
pertinent to each individual model:
CG Range
Normal Category
(+82.0) to (+93.0) at 2,050 pounds
(+87.4) to (+93.0) at 2,450 pounds
Utility Category
(+82.0) to (86.5) at 1,950 pounds
Straight line variations between points given.
The two passengers changing seats moved the CG forward
1.6 inches, which places it within the operating range. This
can be proven correct by making a new chart incorporating
the changes. [Figure 2-18]
Figure 2-18. This loading chart, made after the seat changes,
shows both the weight and balance are within allowable limits.
Aircraft Specifications:
Documentation containing the
pertinent specifications for aircraft
certificated under the CARs.
Approved Type Certificate:
A certificate of approval issued by
the FAA for the design of an
airplane, engine, or propeller.
Type Certificate Data Sheets
(TCDS): The official specifications
issued by the FAA for an aircraft,
engine, or propeller.
About the TCDS
Aircraft certificated before January 1, 1958, were issued Aircraft
Specifications under the Civil Air Regulations (CARs), but when the
Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) was replaced by the FAA,
Specifications were replaced by TCDS. TCDS and Aircraft
Specifications are available from the Superintendent of Documents
in six volumes in both paper and Microfiche format. Description of the
volume contents, price, and ordering instructions are found in Advisory
Circular (AC) 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist.
(Continued on Page 2-11)
2– 8
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
2A13
Revision 41
PIPER
PA-28-140 PA-28-151
PA-28-150 PA-28-181
PA-28-160 PA-28-161
PA-28-180 PA-28R-201
PA-28-235 PA-28R-201T
　
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